Vol. X (1950, 1951)
Fasc. 1–2, pages 1–103
Jan Blaton 1907–1948
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 1 (1950)not a regular article
On the Theory of Spontaneous and “Forced” \(K\)-Capture
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 7 (1950)
abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to calculate the probability of electron \(K\)-capture on the basis of the theory of interaction of nucleons with electron–neutrino fields, in such a way as to avoid as far as possible all special assumptions regarding the magnitude of the nucleon radius and the behaviour of the electron wave-function inside it. Our final formulas contain only the range of the nuclear forces, i.e. the meson mass. We shall establish also the dependence of the probability of a \(K\) -capture process on the atomic number \(Z\) of the element which is thus transformed into another one with the atomic number \(Z—1\). Finally, we shall be led to draw some consequences regarding the hypothetical “forced” \(K\)-capture probability when irradiating a suitable material by antineutrinos –— this being a consequence of the neutrino-hole theory.
A Note on the Invariant Formulation of the Quantum Field Theory
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 29 (1950)
abstract
The Schrödinger equation is written in a relativistically invariant form in the general case where the interaction-energy density is not a scalar. The invariance may be exhibited without introducing a generalization called “infinitely-many-time formalism”. The autonomy of the formulation of Tomonaga, i.e., its independence of the Lagrangean and Hamiltonian formalisms, is emphasized.
Influence of Torsional Vibrations of Luminescent Molecules on the Fundamental Polarization of Photoluminescence of Solutions
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 33 (1950)
abstract
The observed values of fundamental polarization are always smaller than those to be expected on the ground of theoretical considerations. This fact can be explained (at least partially) by the influence of torsional vibrations of fluorescent molecules on the rate of polarization of photoluminescence. Some conclusions can be drawn from the difference between theoretical and experimental values of the polarization. This note contains some provisional results of theoretical investigation. A fuller report is intended to be published shortly.
The Phenomena of Molecular Orientation in Polar Liquids and Their Solutions. Part I. Extention of Onsager’s Theory
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 37 (1950)
abstract
The assumptions of Onsager’s theory are summarized; the view that all molecules surrounding a given molecule may be considered as a continuous medium is rejected as inadmissible.
On Some Photon Radiation Observed by Measurements of Cosmic Rays at Great Depths
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 69 (1950)
abstract
As concerns the problem of cosmic radiation reaching great depths (some hundred metres water equivalent) it is assumed by most physicists that this radiation is a meson radiation (perhaps with some admixture of protons) accompanied by knock-on electrons and cascade showers started by these (Wilson 1943). Quite different views on this subject are given by Barnóthy and Forró (1948) who assume that at depths greater than 500 m w. e. it is mainly non-ionizing radiation produced by the decay of mesons which penetrates there. They consider that our instruments at those depths are operated by secondaries of that non-ionizing radiation.
Propagation of a Cut-off Train of de Broglie Waves
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 79 (1950)
abstract
The propagation of a cut-off train of monochromatic de Broglie waves has been investigated. Formulae have been developed describing completely the arrival of the wave front, the forerunner, and the main wave.
Comparison Method of Measuring the Angular Correlation of Gamma-Rays
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 87 (1950)
abstract
From theoretical considerations (Hamilton 1940, Goertzel 1946) it follows that when two \(\gamma \)-quanta are emitted in cascade in the process of nuclear de-excitation the relative probability that the second quantum will be emitted at an angle \({\mit \Theta }\) with the first is \(W({\mit \Theta })=1+\sum \limits ^l_i=1A_i\cos ^{2i}{\mit \Theta }\), where 2\(l\) is the highest multipole order occurring.
Dipole Moment of Carbonyl Cyanide
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 89 (1950)
abstract
The dipole moment of carbonyl cyanide has been investigated. This compound, for the first time obtained by Prof. Małachowski and collaborators (1937) has an analogous structure to phosgene. It has been ascertained that in carbonyl cyanide, just as in phosgene, there appears a compensation of dipole moments of two strongly polar groups.
Dipole Moments and Free Rotation in Molecules
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 93 (1950)
abstract
To test some consequences of the concept of free inner rotation in molecules (a) the mean square dipole-moments of some members of the homologous series C\(_5\)H\(_9\)(CH\(_2\))\(_n\)Cl, C\(_6\)H\(_5\)(CH\(_2\))\(_n\)Cl and C\(_6\)H\(_{11}\)(CH\(_2\))\(_n\)Cl, and (b) the temperature dependence of the mean square dipole-moment of benzyl chloride have been investigated. The results seem to confirm the theoretical predictions of Zahn (1932) and the results of some, not numerous, experiments of other authors.
Letters to the Editor. On the Theory of Non-Local Fields
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 103 (1950)
abstract
Recently Yukawa initiated a relativistic theory of particles with finite radius based on Born’s ideas of non-localizability and reciprocity. The non-local field operator \(U\) satisfies the following commutation relations ...Fasc. 3–4, pages 107–303
The Phenomena of Molecular Orientation in Polar Liquids and Their Solutions. Part II. Further Development of the Theory of Dipole Coupling in Polar Liquids
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 107 (1951)
abstract
This theory assumes the existence of three kinds of coupling to which molecular dipoles are subjected in a solution. The coupling of the first kind (Fowler–Debye) consists in the action of many molecules surrounding the given one and behaving in the solution like a stiffened “cluster”. The coupling of the second kind tends to bind the given molecule to its nearest neighbour. Depending on the structure of the molecules, this coupling can give rise to nearly antiparallel or nearly-parallel non-rigid pairs ...
The Self-energy of Scalar Mesons in Interaction with Nuclei
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 141 (1951)
abstract
The meson self-energy is calculated using the scalar and scalar-product coupling. In the second case the self-energy operator contains derivatives of the meson fields. It is shown that this operator can be removed by changing the transformation function from the Schroedinger to the interaction representation and that this change is equivalent to a change in mass, i.e. to a mass renormalization.
Remarks on Some Non-linear Effects in Field Theory. I
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 151 (1951)
abstract
The scattering of a neutral scalar particle by another particle of the same kind and the spontaneous breaking up of a neutral particle is studied in Part I under the assumption of an interaction with a complex scalar field. These problems are analogous to the scattering of light by light and to the spontaneous breaking up of photons. The calculations are based on the Feynman–Dyson technique of solving problems in quantum field theory. The calculation of the scattering of light by light (coupling with pseudoscalar charged particles) is in preparation by B. Średniawa and the author and will appear as Part II.
On a System of Fields Free of Divergences of the Mass-renormalization Type
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 159 (1951)
abstract
It is shown that a system of four different fields consisting of one photon, one electron, one \(C\)-meson, and two charged scalar meson fields is free of divergences of the mass-renormalization type.
The Torsional Oscillator
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 173 (1951)
abstract
A quantum-mechanical theory of the torsional oscillator is given. In order to obtain the Schrödinger equation in a form suitable for this problem, the classical kinetic energy of the torsional oscillator is expressed in terms of four Euler’s symmetrical parameters; the first three of them are taken as independent variables. The resulting Schrödinger equation cannot be solved exactly by separation of variables. This can be done, however, after dropping some terms which are small so long as the amplitudes of the torsional vibrations are small. The equation without these terms is considered as the unperturbed Schrödinger equation and the neglected terms as the small perturbation whose effects have to be calculated by Schrödinger’s perturbation theory.
Fundamental Polarization of Photoluminescence and Torsional Vibrations of Molecules
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 193 (1951)
abstract
A few introductory remarks are made concerning fundamental polarization of photoluminescence of solutions. The main assumptions and results of some known theories of fundamental polarization are recalled. The meaning of the term “spatial virtual electronic oscillator”, introduced in the writer’s theory of fundamental polarization, is clearly stated and its usefulness advocated.
Non Linear Effects in the Theory of Quantized Fields II
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 207 (1951)
abstract
In this paper elements of the Heisenberg S-matrix for the process of scattering of light by light under the assumption of interaction with charged scalar meson field are calculated. The calculations are based on Feynman and Dyson’s invariant technique of calculations, described in the first part of this paper.
Solution of Thomas–Fermi Equation for Molecules with Axial Symmetry
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 213 (1951)
abstract
The present paper gives analytic solutions of the Thomas–Fermi equation for neutral molecules with axial symmetry at distances very large or very small compared with the intervals between the nuclei. In the intermediate region these solutions can be combined using an interpolation with polynomials. Such an interpolation admits a determination of constants in the far solution from the boundary conditions. The solution at large distances from the nuclei is a superposition of the solution for spherical symmetry and a corrective term in the form of a development into Legendre spherical functions. Calculations have been carried out for the case of molecules consisting of two identical atoms.
Outline of a General Theory of Atomic Collisions. Part I. Collisions of One Particle with a System of Particles
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 223 (1951)
abstract
An outline of the general non-relativistic theory of collisions of one particle with a system of particles is given, based on the most simple example of collisions with a hydrogen atom. The wellknown approximations follow from the general theory after introducing certain simplifications. The meaning of the phase shift for the wave function of an elastically scattered particle is extended to the case of unelastically scattered particles, and a general formula for the phase shift is deduced. In the case of large velocities of the colliding particle, the general formula for the phase shift tends to become the phase shift formula given by the Born approximation. For elastic scattering by “spherically symmetric rigid potentials” the general phase shift formula is identical with the well-known phase shift formula for this special case. Some new procedures are given for approximate calculations of scattering processes in the case of medium velocities of the scattered particles. The main advantages of the proposed theory are summarized.
A New Simple Type of the Rectangular Pulse Generator
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 247 (1951)
abstract
Description of a simple rectangular pulse generator with regulation of pulse duration, consisting of a cathode coupled multivibrator and a paraphase degenerative amplifier.
On the Angular Distribution of Electron Pairs Created in Lead by Gamma-Rays of ThC”
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 251 (1951)
abstract
The angular distribution of electron pairs created in lead by \(\gamma \)-rays of ThC” has been measured by the method of the Geiger–-Müller counters. The results do not agree with the theory of Bethe and Heitler, and seems to indicate that the Born approximation used in that theory is not adequate to the problem in question.
On the Selective Absorption of Thermal Neutrons in Selenium and Arsenium
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 261 (1951)
abstract
Measurements were made of thermal neutron cross-sections in Se and As. Photoneutrons from a Ra\(+\)Be source of strength 100 mg Ra were used. The variation of these cross-sections with energy of the incident neutrons investigated and interpreted as an interference effect in the microcrystals of Se and As.
The Dependence of the Efficiency of Geiger–Müller Counters for Gamma Rays Upon the Wall Thickness
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 270 (1951)
abstract
This dependence was investigated for brass and lead walls with \(\gamma \)-rays of Ra and MsTh filtered through 2 or 3 cm Pb. The curves of the relative efficiency of the counters versus wall thickness were found to be typical “transition curves” with flat maxima shifting towards greater thicknesses with increasing energy of the incident photons.
On the Local Gamma-Radiation Appearing in Measurements of Cosmic Radiation at Great Depths
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 274 (1951)
abstract
The authors give new arguments that the low ionizing isotropic radiation giving more twofold than threefold coincidences in the measurements of cosmic rays at great depths is of local radioactive origin.
On the Range-Energy Relation of Low Energy Protons and \(\alpha \) Particles in a Photographic Emulsion
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 280 (1951)
abstract
The lengths of tracks of tritons and \(\alpha \)-particles produced in the reaction Li\(^6(n,\alpha )\)H\(^3\) have been measured in Ilford “Nuclear Research” emulsion C2, and the results of these measurements have been compared to those values which should be expected from Rotblat’s range-energy curves.
The New Einstein Theory and the Equations of Motion
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 284 (1951)
abstract
It is known that the field equations of General Relativity Theory determine motion without any additional equations. If, besides the gravitational field, we assume the electromagnetic field, then we obtain the Lorentz equations of motion. The question is what kind of equations of motion we obtain in Einstein’s new theory. The answer is: we do not obtain the Lorentz equations of motion by means of the new approximation method; the equations of motion are essentially the same as in General Relativity Theory, if an electromagnetic field is absent.
Letters to the Editor. On the Interaction of Particles in Feynman’s Theory
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 294 (1951)
abstract
In a recent paper Feynman developed a method for calculating Heisenberg’s S-matrix as an expansion in powers of the coupling constant. The method consists in studying the dependence of the solutions of the Schrödinger equation on their boundary values. The interaction of particles is deduced by a generalization of the Coulomb potential.
Letters to the Editor. Statistical Interpretation of the Klein–Gordon Equation
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 296 (1951)
abstract
It is possible to find a statistical interpretation of the equations containing time derivatives of second and higher orders by a method similar to that used for the Schrödinger equation. This enables us to calculate cross sections for scattering processes involving waves obeying various types of fields equations without help of the quantum theory of fields. We shall explain the procedure on the special case of the Klein-Gordon equation with a given perturbation ...
Letters to the Editor. Coincidences in GM-Counters Due to Single Gamma–Photons
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 299 (1951)
abstract
Mięsowicz, Jurkiewicz and Massalski showed that in the measurements of cosmic radiation at great depths the excess of twofold over threefold coincidences in a counter telescope can be explained by local \(\gamma \)-radiation. They suggested the following mechanism of these coincidences: the \(\gamma \)-quantum going through the first counter discharges it by producing a Compton-electron and the scattered photon discharges the second counter. The possibility of such coincidences was mentioned already by Dunworth. These coincidences may be easily observed in scintillation counters, as was shown by Hofstadter and McIntyre. Beringer observed their very small influence on the results of measurements of angular correlation of \(\gamma \)-rays emitted in cascade.
Letters to the Editor. Non-Local Quantum Electrodynamics
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 300 (1951)
abstract
A non-local electrodynamics based on the reciprocal commutation relations of Yukawa is investigated. The non-local spinor field in vacuo obeys the following commutation relations ...
Letters to the Editor. Relativistically Invariant Homogeneous Canonical Formalism with Higher Derivatives
Acta Phys. Pol. 10, 303 (1951)