Vol. XXXVI (1969)
Fasc. 1, pages 3–129
Dielectric Investigations of the Phase Transitions in Magnesium and Copper Pyrophosphates
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 3 (1969)
abstract
Dielectric properties of magnesium and copper pyrophosphates were investigated in the temperature range embracing the phase transition point. It is shown that the phase transition \(\alpha \to \beta \) – \(\mathrm {Mg}_2\mathrm {P}_2\mathrm {O}\) is accompanied by a thermal hysteresis loop of electric permittivity. The phase transition temperature was determined on heating and on cooling.
A Formula for the Shadow Elastic Scattering in Multi-Regge-exchange Model
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 7 (1969)
abstract
A formula for the overlap function in the multi-Regge-exchange model is derived. The formula expresses the overlap function as an average of a quantity depending on the momenta of the final particles.
Influence of Crushing Time on the Electrification of Dust Produced from CdTe, HgTe and CdSe
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 11 (1969)
abstract
The electrification of dust produced from CdTe, HgTe, and CdSe increases with increasing crushing time of the material, becomes maximum, and then decreases when the crushing is continued. This time behaviour of dust electrification is explained in terms of two opposite mechanisms: production of electric charge on dust particles which is connected with the increase in surface during the crushing process and the neutralization occurring under the influence of multiple mutual contacts of particles. The production of electric charge becomes asymptotically saturated whereas neutralization leads to charge decrease on dust particles when time proceeds. According to these assumptions calculations are made and the function of the dependence of electrification on the crushing time is given.
The Structure of InSb Films Recrystallized in Vacuum
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 21 (1969)
abstract
The structural properties of indium antimonide thin films recrystallized in vacuum are discussed. InSb films of stoichiometric composition were subjected to recrystallization. The final composition of the films is two phase (InSb + In) due to the evaporation of antimony during the fusion and crystallization process. After recrystallization the films show a characteristic dendritic structure. Two types of InSb dendrities are observed growing in the crystallization process. These dendrites have a considerable number of typical structure defects such as hillocks, slip patterns and growth steps. Investigations of the composition of the single dendrite made by means of an electron probe X-ray microanalyser did not show the presence of indium microsegregation regions within the accuracy of 0.5%.
A Microholographic System Enabling to Obtain Holograms with no Pseudoscopic Real Image
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 27 (1969)
abstract
Microholographic systems to obtain holograms from which one can reconstruct a non pseudoscopic but stereoscopic real image is described. In these systems holograms are recorded in a plane in front of the geometrical image of a microobject to be investigated. To reconstruct the magnified image the same light beam can be used as reference beam.
Determination of Transition Probabilities for Some O I Lines
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 33 (1969)
abstract
Using wall-stabilized cascade arc, a plasma of the temperature of 11780°K has been produced in an argon–oxygen mixture under atmospheric pressure. The transition probabilities for eight lines of neutral oxygen have been determined under the assumption that the plasma is optically thin and is in local thermodynamic equilibrium. The results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data of other authors as well as with the results obtained by Bates and Damgaard by means of theoretical calculations.
The Sommerfeld Method in the Diffraction of Elastic Waves
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 41 (1969)
abstract
The paper deals with the application of the Sommerfeld method to the rigorous solution of the diffraction of a plane wave with polarization parallel to the edge of the half-plane which plays the role of a diffracting screen. The direction of the incident wave is perpendicular to the edge.
The Vector-dominance Model and \(\eta \)-photoproduction
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 47 (1969)
abstract
The relation between \(\eta \)-photoproduction cross-section and strong vector meson production cross-sections is derived under the assumption of vector meson dominance in the framework of the Regge-pole model with SU(3) symmetry (taking into account the exchange of \(\rho \), \(\omega \) and \(B\) trajectories) and neglecting the contribution of \(\phi \)-meson production by the \(\eta \)-meson. It is shown that the relation is well satisfied using available experimental data.
The Vector Dominance Model and Charged Pion Photoproduction Sum Rules
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 53 (1969)
abstract
It is shown that SU(3) \(\times \) SU(3) symmetry with the vector dominance model (VDM) allows one to derive the photoproduction sum rules derived by Białas et al. , Nucl. Phys. B 6, 449 (1967) on the basis of the quark model and VDM.
Elementargesetz der Beugungswelle in der Kirchhoffschen Theorie
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 59 (1969)
abstract
Im Falle, wo die einfallende Lichtwelle durch eine isotrop nach allen Raumrichtungen strahlende, punktförmige Lichtquelle erzeugt wird, wird die Beugungswelle in der Kirchhoffschen Theorie der Beugung durch ein über den beugenden Rand erstrecktes Kurvenintegral gegeben. Der von einem Bogenelement des beugenden Randes stammende Beitrag kann im allgemeinen nicht als ein Elementargesetz angesehen werden. Der Integrand dieses Kurvenintegrals, und daher auch das Elementargesetz, ist nämlich nur bis auf einen additiven Gradienten einer skalaren Funktion definiert, der bei der Integration längs des beugenden Randes einen verschwindenen Beitrag zur gesamten Beugungswelle ergibt. Ein angenäherter Ausdruck für die Beugungswelle wird jedoch durch die Anwendung der Methode der stationären Phase erhalten, die nur die Beiträge gewisser ganz enger Bereiche des beugenden Randes berücksichtigt. Sie ergibt daher eine Näherung, die von einem eventuell auftretenden Gradienten abhängig ist. Der Vergleich dieser Näherung mit den Versuchsergebnissen ermöglicht daher eine angenäherte Ermittlung des in der Kirchhoffschen Beugungswelle wirksamen Elementargesetzes. Es werden die Forderungen diskutiert, die man an ein Elementargesetz in dem betrachteten Falle zu stellen hat. Es wird auch ganz kurz der Fall besprochen, wo die einfallende Lichtwelle durch eine beliebige Lösung der Schwingungsgleichung gegeben wird.
An Analysis of Central Nucleus–Nucleus Collisions at the Energy Exceeding 1 TeV/Nucleon
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 69 (1969)
abstract
This paper deals with the central collisions of cosmic-ray nuclei with nuclei of photographic emulsion. On the basis of 36 interactions of energy per nucleon exceeding 0.1 TeV it has been found that events with \(N_h \lt 5\) and \(N_h \gt 10\) (no intermediate \(N_h\)-values have been observed) correspond to collisions with light (H, C, N, O) and heavy (Ag, Br) emulsion nuclei, respectively. It has been also that the Castagnoli formula is a reliable energy estimate for central nucleus–nucleus collisions at the energy higher than 0.1 TeV/nucleon. 13 central nucleus–nucleus collisions of energy per nucleon exceeding 1 TeV have been measured. It has been found that in collisions with light target nuclei the quantity \(\langle \frac {n_s-Z}{A}\rangle = 6.0\pm 0.9\) and only a fraction of incident nucleons interacts, while in collisions with heavy target nuclei \(\langle \frac {n_s-Z}{A}\rangle = 19.2\pm 8.4\) and practically all incident nucleons interact. Among highest-energy secondaries the neutral-to-charged ratio is 15: 14 which means that nucleons are leading particles. These nucleons carry away on the average (\(50\div 60\))% of primary energy. There is an indication that their transverse momenta exceed 0.4 GeV/\(c\) especially in collisions with light target nuclei. The characteristics of angular distribution of secondary particles are similar to those in nucleon-induced jets. In general the central nucleus–nucleon collisions are well described by the superposition of nucleon–nucleon collisions.
Сохраняющиеся токи свободного поля, уравнения которого инвариантны относительно \(m\)-параметрической лиевой группы
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 83 (1969)
abstract
Определено сохраняющиеся токи как функции состояния поля, образующие геометрические объекты и удовлетворяющие законам сохранения в силу уравнений поля. Предположено при этом, что уравнения поля образуют нормальную систему уравнений с частными производными первого порядка и инвариантную относительно \(m\)-параметрической лиевой группы. Из этого определения выведено необходимые и достаточные условия для сохраняющихся токов в виде уравнений с частными производными первого порядка. В частном случае группы Лоренца, из общего определения сохраняющихся токов получено тензор энергии- импульса и тензор момента количества движения. Показано, что если функции поля образованы системами тензоров а уравнения поля линейные и однородные, то тензор энергии- импульса является симметричным и не зависящим явным образом от координат.
Spectral Density Functions of Field Emission Flicker Noise Caused by Potassium Adsorbed on Tungsten
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 97 (1969)
abstract
According to theoretical models developed recently the spectral density function \(W(f)\) of the field emission flicker noise caused by surface diffusion should show deviations from the \(1/f\)-dependence commonly observed. Therefore measurements of \(W(f)\) were performed on potassium-covered tungsten emitters in sealed-off field emission microscope tubes at different temperatures and characteristic emission patterns such as during a slow continuous desorption. The results clearly reveal the expected deviations. Normally \(W(f)\) is proportional to \(1/f^{\varepsilon }\) with a broad range for the exponent \(\varepsilon \), which is smaller than 1.3 (contrary to the patch model of Timm and Van der Ziel), but there are also frequency independent parts of the spectral density function at low frequencies and numerous levelling-offs of \(W(f)\) to another slope. The spectral density functions and their temperature dependence are discussed in terms of the surface diffusion flicker noise models and special adsorption states.
Certain Properties of Thin Film Electrons
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 107 (1969)
abstract
Certain properties of electrons in thin films are considered by means of the Green’s functions method. The distribution of electron density in the film is shown. The problem of free electron diamagnetism is discussed.
Antiferromagnetic Thin Films
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 117 (1969)
abstract
Properties of thin films with antiferromagnetic order of spins are considered from the point of view of spin wave, Green’s function, molecular field and constant coupling methods.
Exoelectron Emission During the Early Stage of the Spontaneous Ageing Process of Al–Mg–Si Alloy
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 129 (1969)
abstract
It was found, that the photostimulated exoemission decay curves, observed during the process of spontaneous ageing of Al–Mg–Si alloy show peaks at the times of exclusion of the excess \(\mathrm {Mg}_2\mathrm {Si}\) phase from supersaturated solution. This makes the exoemission of electrons a very sensitive and useful method also for continuous observations of the technological important ageing processes in alloys.Fasc. 2, pages 133–287
Environment Effects on the Strength of the Intramolecular Hydrogen Bond in Salicylic Acid
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 133 (1969)
abstract
Infrared spectra of salicylic acid, \(d_2\)-salicylic acid and their hydrogen-bonded complexes with proton acceptors (dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylsulfoxide, pyridine and triethylamine) in the 1600 to 3600 cm\(^{-1}\) spectral region show that the absorption band corresponding to the intramolecular hydrogen bond is shifted towards lower frequencies on complex formation. The strengthening of the intramolecular hydrogen bond is explained as due to the enhancement of basic properties the carboxyl group by the intermolecular hydrogen bond.
Analysis of the Standard Long-wavelength Low-temperature Approximations in the Spin-wave Theory of the Heisenberg Ferromagnet
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 145 (1969)
abstract
By applying the standard perturbation procedure to the boson Hamiltonian from Part I, correct expressions for the first-order corrections to the spin system’s energy levels are derived and the conditions for the positive-definiteness of the Hamiltonian are studied. To illustrate the thermodynamic interpretation of the “magnon” Hilbert space, the structure of the spin- wave states corresponding to the 18 lowest zeroth-order energy levels is analysed on a simple example. Thermodynamic calculations based on these results will be given in Part III.
Energy Renormalization of Excitons Due to Weak-coupling Interactions with Intramolecular Vibrations
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 159 (1969)
abstract
The renormalization of exciton energy due to vibronic coupling with intramolecular vibrations is obtained by the statistical perturbation method. It is shown that for narrow bands the main effects are assymetrical compression of the band and a shift of its center of gravity towards the lower energies.
Quadratic Weak Vibronic Coupling in Molecular Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 167 (1969)
abstract
The energy dispersion law for excitons in molecular crystals in the case of a small change in frequency of intramolecular vibrations after excitation is given.
EPR Study of Chromium Cr\(^{3+}\) Complex in Triglycine Sulphate (TGS)
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 171 (1969)
abstract
The angular dependence of the electron spin resonance of Cr\(^{3+}\) ions in ferroelectric triglycine sulphate has been investigated. Spin hamiltonian parameters: \(g = 1.987\pm 0.002, D = 0.425\pm 0.002\) and \(E = 0.0704\pm 0.002\) have been found. The \(D\) parameter is linearly dependent on the spontaneous polarization and changes from \(D = 0.425\ \mathrm {cm}^{-1}\) for ferroelectric phase to \(D = 0.456\ \mathrm {cm}^{-1}\) for paraelectric phase of crystal.
Influence of Domain Width on the Thickness and Energy of (71°|71°) and (109°|109°) Bloch Walls in Face-centred Cubic Ferromagnetic Lattices
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 183 (1969)
abstract
The influence of the domain width on the thickness and energy of the (71°|71°) and (109°|109°) symmetric Bloch walls in the fcc ferromagnetic lattice is numerically examined, by utilizing the formulae derived for those quantities by A. Wachniewski and W.J. Ziętek (1967) who solved the variational principles for the walls under periodic boundary conditions. As an example, specific results for Ni are presented.
On Electric Properties of Some Xerographic Selenium Layers
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 191 (1969)
abstract
Selenium layers produced so far in Poland and abroad exhibit good electrophotographic properties only when they are sensitized with a positive charge. In the present paper a method of producing the selenium layers is presented, which work well being negatively charged. Their electric, photoelectric and, particularly, their fatigue properties are discussed in detail.
Intensity Rules in the Decay of \(^{172}\)Lu
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 203 (1969)
abstract
The \(\gamma \) rays accompanying the \(^{172}\mathrm {Lu} \to {^{172}\mathrm {Yb}}\) decay have been measured using a high resolution Ge(Li) detector. Experimental branching ratios for interband transitions are compared with the generalized intensity rules of Bohr–Mottelson and Michailov Multipolarity mixture for the transitions in the \(K^{\pi } = 3^+, 1173\) keV band are studied and the \(\frac {g_K-g_R}{Q_0}\) value estimated.
Interference Effect in Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation. II
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 211 (1969)
abstract
The interference of different intramolecular interactions in the nuclear magnetic relaxation process is considered for like and unlike two-spin systems. The dipolar, quadrupolar, and spin-rotational interactions and the anisotropy of electronic screening are taken into account. It is shown that a non-exponential time dependence of nuclear magnetization can appear owing to the interference effect.
Valence Force Constants of Some Selenium and Tellurium Trihalide Ions
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 219 (1969)
abstract
On the basis of symmetry considerations, valence force constants have been evaluated for selenium trichloride, selenium tribromide, tellurium trichloride, and tellurium tribromide ions possessing a trigonal pyramidal symmetry. The secular equations were solved by employing a four-constant valence force field by the Wilson group theoretical method. The results have been discussed in relation to the respective chemical bonds of the selenium and tellurium trihalide 10 ns.
On the Cross-sections for Multi-neutral Channels in High-energy Pion–Proton Collisions
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 223 (1969)
abstract
It is shown that the cross-sections for multi-neutral channels can be calculated from the fitted-channel cross-sections using the statistical isospin weights.
Fixed \(u\) Finite Energy Sum Rules for \(KN\) Scattering
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 227 (1969)
abstract
The possible fixed \(u\) zero moment FESR are discussed for \(KN\) scattering for amplitudes which correspond to pure \(C = -1\) in the \(t\)-channel. It was found that those amplitudes whose asymptotic behaviour is controlled by \(I_u = 1, Y = 0\) (\({\mit \Sigma }\) type) trajectories satisfy superconvergence relations. The superconvergence relations do not hold for amplitudes asymptotically controlled by \(I_u = 1, Y = 0\) (\(I_u = 1, Y = 0\) type) trajectories. This fact indicates non negligible coupling of \({\mit \Lambda }_{\gamma }\) trajectory near \(u = 0\). The FESR results for \({\mit \Lambda }_{\gamma }\) trajectory parameters were compared with the Barger fit of \(K^+p\) backward scattering.
Angular Correlations Between \(\pi ^0\) Mesons Produced in \(\pi ^- \) Xe Interactions at 9 GeV/\(c\) \(\pi ^- \) Incoming Momentum
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 237 (1969)
abstract
Strong angular correlations between neutral pions have been found in the 9 GeV/\(c\) \(\pi ^-\) Xe interactions observed in the xenon bubble chamber. Angular correlations of the same kind have been previously reported for charged pions produced in \(\bar {p}\)–\(p\) and \(\pi ^+\)–\(p\) interactions.
The Stoner Theory of Ferromagnetic Thin Films
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 241 (1969)
abstract
The spontaneous magnetization of thin films is determined by the average numbers of electrons with oppositely oriented spins. These numbers can be obtained from the density matrix if the lack of a part of the neighbours in the boundary layers is taken into account. The calculated behaviour of the Curie temperature as a function of the film thickness can be made to agree with the experimental data. The variation of magnetization across the film leads to effects connected with the surface anisotropy effect.
On the Singularities of the Partition Function of a Real Gas
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 255 (1969)
abstract
The previously obtained formula for the grand-canonical partition function of a real gas is generalized to include all the terms non-vanishing in the classical approximation. It is found that the general formula still exhibits explicitly the singular points. The location and behaviour of these discontinuities is now determined by the rather complicated functions of the temperature and activity; these functions are related with the Ursell–Mayer cluster integrals.
Electron-capture Decay of \(^{204}\) Po
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 265 (1969)
abstract
Electron-capture decay of \(^{204}\)Po/from \(^{197}\mathrm {Au}(^{15}\mathrm {N}, 4n)^{208}\mathrm {Em} \to \mathrm {Po}\)/ has been investigated with a Ge detector, and a tentative energy level scheme of \(^{204}\)Bi has been discussed.
Measurement of the Absolute Transition of Ar I Lines
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 269 (1969)
abstract
An argon plasma, with minute hydrogen impurities, of a temperature of 10300°K was produced in a wall-stabilized arc. It was assumed that plasma formed thus was optically thin, quasi-neutral and in local thermodynamic equilibrium. The transition probabilities of nineteen Ar I lines were calculated from the measured intensities of the emitted spectral lines and half-width of the \(H_{\beta }\) line. The results obtained agree well with those cited in the literature.
A Note About the Possibility of WKB Solutions of the Vibronic Equation
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 273 (1969)
abstract
Conditions are obtained under which the energy of vibronic levels in dimers may be calculated from the standard WKB formula.
Cross-sections for Multipion Production in \(\pi \)–\(p\) and \(p\)–\(p\) Collisions Near Thresholds
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 277 (1969)
abstract
The cross-sections for the pion production in high-energy \(\pi \)–\(p\) and \(p\)–\(p\) collisions were compared to the phase space predictions. It has been found that a correct description is obtained for the near-threshold behaviour of the cross-sections. The relation between the \(\pi \)–\(p\) and \(p\)–\(p\) cross-sections proposed by Satz on the basis of the quark model seems as well to have a simple explanation.
Holography with a Ruby Laser
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 281 (1969)
abstract
An experiment is described in which a hologram of an opaque object was obtained. The source of light used was a pulsed ruby laser of a power of approximately 1000 watts.
Coherence Length and Anisotropy Angle from Measurements of the Second Harmonic of Light Generated in Powdered Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 283 (1969)
abstract
Second harmonic generation in calibrated powders of crystals with matching direction is measured vs. the mean grain size using a ruby laser operating at free generation as fundamental frequency source. A rapid, simple method of evaluating the coherence length and anisotropy angle, of the laser beam, is proposed.
Experiments on the Influence of Some Liquids on the Power and the Space Pattern of a Raman Laser
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 287 (1969)
abstract
It is found that a multispikes Raman laser can be excited in those liquids which reduce the number of spikes present in the emission train. CS\(_2\) — the substance of main interest in nonlinear optics — does not exhibit this property. Here observations of the time-displayed emission in the case when the ruby laser resonator contained a quartz cell filled successively with distilled water, carbon disulphide, pyridine and benzene, are reported. The time-averaged emission space pattern was also observed.Fasc. 3, pages 297–499
On Light Scattering in Liquid Solutions with Critical Solubility Point
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 297 (1969)
abstract
Light scattering is investigated in nitrobenzene, o-nitrotoluene, and in their critical and noncritical solutions. In the noncritical case, solvents were benzene and carbon tetrachloride; in the critical case, the solvent was hexane for nitrobenzene, and iso-pentane for o-nitrotoluene.
Diffraction of Waves by a Plane Screen
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 323 (1969)
abstract
A simple manner of solving the problem of diffraction by a plane screen has been developed. Two cases of incidence on the screen have been shown to give results identical with previously derived expressions by different ways.
Angenäherte Darstellung der Beugungserscheinungen elastischer Wellen
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 331 (1969)
abstract
Mit Hilfe der Methode der stationären Phase werden angenäherte Ausdrücke für die elastische Beugungswelle angegeben, die in der unmittelbaren Nachbarschaft sowie in weiterer Entfernung von der Schattengrenze verwendbar sind. In erster Näherung kann man annehmen, dass ein gegebenes Randelement \(ds\) des beugendes Randes, die einfallende Welle als eine Dilatationsund eine Schiebungswelle, reflektiert. Dabei wird die einfallende Dilatations- bzw. Schiebungswelle in zwei verschiedenen Reflexionskegeln reflektiert von denen der eine aus einer Dilatationsund andere aus einer Schiebungswelle besteht.
The Factorization Theorem of Regge Residues and Spin Dependence of the \(p\bar {p} \to {\mit \Delta }\bar {\mit \Delta }\) Amplitude at High Energies
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 341 (1969)
abstract
The consequences of the factorization properties of Regge amplitudes on the spin dependence of the process \(p\bar {p} \to {\mit \Delta }\bar {\mit \Delta }\) are discussed. The assumption that this process is dominated by the exchange of several trajectories with either natural or unnatural parity is shown to disagree with the existing data at 5.7 GeV/\(c\) primary momentum.
Anomaly of the Effective Temperature Jump at the Surface of Superheated Silicon, Carbon and Copper in Liquid Nitrogen
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 345 (1969)
abstract
The effective temperature jump \(\Delta T\) at the surface of superheated samples of silicon, gas carbon and copper was investigated in dependence on the heat-flux density \(q\) flowing through the surface of the sample at different fixed temperatures of the nitrogen bath. For the semiconducting samples maxima were found in the \(\Delta T(T_{\mathrm {N}_{2}})\) curves at a nitrogen bath temperature \(T_{\mathrm {N}_{2}}\) near 76°K. An anomaly in the \(\Delta T(T_{\mathrm {N}_{2}})\) curve for copper had also been found to appear above 75°K.
The External Photoelectric Effect in InSb Polycrystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 353 (1969)
abstract
The photoemission from polycrystalline samples of InSb was investigated by the method of a retarding electric field in a spherical condenser. The determined value of the photoelectric work function for the examined surfaces was found to be \(\phi _f = 3.94\) eV and the quantity \(\delta = 0.20\) eV. In addition, the Hall constant and the conductivity of the samples were measured. On their basis determinations were made of the type of conduction, the concentrations and mobilities of electrons and holes, the value of the effective electron mass and the position of the Fermi level. Moreover, the absolute quantum yields of several surfaces irradiated by radiation of energy \(h\nu = 4.89\) eV were measured. Some conclusions have been drawn as regards the energy structure and sample purity. A proposal of an energy model of photoemission from InSb polycrystals is put forth.
The Influence of the Degree of Order in \(n\)-Heptyloxyazoxybenzene on the Angular Distribution of Quanta from Two-photon Annihilation of Electron–Positron Pairs
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 365 (1969)
abstract
The paper deals with the effect of the degree of order in a sample on the angular distribution of annihilation quanta produced during two-photon annihilation of electron–positron pairs. The examined sample was \(n\)-heptyloxyazoxybenzene which in the liquid state has several phases differing by their degree of order. Results were analysed by comparing the angular distribution curves obtained for the different phases. It was found that the angular distribution is affected by the sample’s degree of order as well as by a change in its density. With increased order in the sample there is an increase in the so-called “narrow component”. This conclusion is decisively confirmed by the difference in distribution curves obtained for a single phase of the sample, but for different degrees of order induced by a magnetic field.
Investigation of the Electron Structure of Copper and Nickel Alloys by Means of the Method of Angular Correlation of Annihilation Quanta
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 373 (1969)
abstract
An analysis of angular distributions of annihilation quanta for Fe, Co, Ni and Cu has been made. It is shown that the shape of distributions can be explained by assuming that in the annihilation process there is a contribution from the \(3d\) electrons in addition to that from the \(4s\) electrons. The annihilation probability, however, is smaller for the \(3d\) electrons than for the \(4d\) electrons. The angular distributions for Cu \(+\) Ni alloys have also been measured. The analysis of these distributions indicates an important change of electron structure which occurs for 56% of Cu, i.e. , for this copper concentration for which the \(3d\) band is completely filled.
Alcohol Association from Dielectric Measurements Part I. Fundamentals and the Numerical Process
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 385 (1969)
abstract
A method of studying association processes in liquid solutions of alcohols in the entire concentration range is proposed. Recurring to experimentally found concentration-dependences of the molar dipole polarization and dielectric saturation constant, it allows to determine the dipole moments of intermolecular complexes and constants defining thermodynamic equilibrium in associated solutions. A numerical process for solving the problem restricted to considering simultaneously four different complexes, and thus allowing to determine three different equilibrium constants, is described. Present calculations prove i.a. that aliphatic alcohol trimers exist almost exclusively in cyclic form. Full results for \(t\)-butanol and dodecanol-1 in solvents which can be considered neutral will be published as further Parts of this paper.
Alcohol Association from Dielectric Measurements Part II. Solutions of \(t\)-Butanol in Cyclohexane
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 401 (1969)
abstract
The method proposed in Part I of this paper is applied to association processes of \(t\)-butanol in cyclohexane solution. Concentrations of dimers, trimers, tetramers and pentamers are determined, and the equilibrium constants \(K_i\) for multimer formation as well as the change \(\Delta F_i^0\) in free energy for average bond formation in a multimer are calculated. Multimer electric dipole moments are determined, proving that the trimers are cyclic whereas tetramers and pentamers present an open hydrogen bond system.
Alcohol Association from Dielectric Measurements Part III. Solutions of Dodecanol-1 in Cyclohexane, Hexane and Carbon Tetrachloride
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 409 (1969)
abstract
Concentrations of dodecanol-1 multimers are calculated versus the dodecanol-1 concentration in cyclohexane, hexane and carbon tetrachloride. Electric dipole moments of the multimers are determined and serve for an assessment of their steric structure. Equilibrium constants between dimers, trimers, tetramers and pentamers are determined and discussed, as well as the related changes in free energy. The solvent effect is considered briefly.
Статистический расчет неупругих столкновений быстрых частиц с внутриядерными нуклонами
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 415 (1969)
abstract
Показано, каким образом ¢ помощью метода Монте Карло для каждой из вторичных частиц, рождающихся в неупругом столкновении, можно определить углы разлета и энергию, удовлетворяющие законам сохранения энергии-импульса и в то же время образующие распределения заданного вида. При этом автоматически определяется также множественность рождающихся частиц. В случае \(\pi \)–\(N\) взаимодействий эта множественность оказывается заметно болыше значений, полученных M3 эксперимента на основе предположения o тoм, что число \(\pi ^0\)-мезонов составляет половину от числа \(\pi ^+\)-мезонов. О приближенности последнего предположения говорят также статистические расчеты, основанные на SU(3)-симметрии. Обсуждается корреляция угловых и импульсных распределений. Для области энергий \(T \lesssim 30\) Гэв получены полиномиальные аппроксимации взятых из опыта интегральных угловых и импульсных распределений вторичных частиц для неупругих и упругих \(N\)–\(N\) и \(\pi \)–\(n\) столкновений. Использование этих. аппроксимаций значительно облегчает расчеты внутриядерных каскадов.
The Angular Decay Distributions of the Resonances Produced in the Photoproduction Processes \(\gamma B \to VB\) and \(\gamma B \to VB^*\) by the Quark Model
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 433 (1969)
abstract
Applying the quark model of photoproduction, we predict a number of relations between decay angular distributions of the resonances produced in the processes \(\gamma B \to VB\) and \(\gamma B \to VB^*\) induced both by linearly polarized photons and by unpolarized photons. These relations are grouped into different classes depending on the assumptions required in their derivations and their covariant properties. It is shown that the knowledge of a cross-section and decay angular distributions for the process \(\gamma B \to VB^*\) induced by unpolarized photons makes it possible to predict the cross-sections for the processes induces by linearly polarized photons as well as an asymmetry parameter.
The Covariant Formulation of the Differential “Conservation Laws” in Geometrized Theory
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 439 (1969)
abstract
The general-covariant generalization of the standard canonical formalism has been formulated. The covariant generalization of the differential “conservation” for the total canonical energy-momentum tensor of a matter gravitational field system has been obtained. The expression for the canonical energy-momentum tensor of matter in an arbitrary curved Riemannian space-time has been obtained. In total analogy with the standard canonical procedure for a matter field it has been shown that it was possible to obtain a correct and theoretically confident expression for the canonical energy momentum tensor of a gravitational field. The total energy-momentum of any system has a single covariant value equal to zero. The energy of free gravitational waves is also identically equal to zero.
Statistical Tensors for Spin Two Mesons
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 451 (1969)
abstract
The double statistical tensors necessary for the description of the joint production of a 3/2 isobar and a spin two meson are expressed in terms of the joint density matrix elements. The formulae are applicable for all the parities of isobar and the meson.
Inelastic Interactions of High Energy \(\pi \)-Mesons with Photoemulsion
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 457 (1969)
abstract
The intranuclear cascades, initiated in the photoemulsion by 7-mesons with an energy from several dozens of Mev up to 20 GeV, have been calculated by the Monte-Carlo method. The laws of the energy and momentum conservation and diffuseness of the nuclear boundary are taken into account; the processes of pion production (in particular, multiple particle production) and the absorption of \(\pi \)-mesons by target nucleons are taken into consideration. Continuous energy dependence of the intranuclear \(\pi \)–\(N\) and \(N\)–\(N\) interaction parameters is taken into account by means of special polynomial expressions. The results of the calculation agree well with experiment at all the energies \(T\lesssim 5\) GeV. At higher energies a disagreement (increasing with the increase of the energy) between the calculated and experimental characteristics of grey and black tracks is observed. In the previously carried out calculations this circumstance was disguised by inaccuracies due to the rather rough approximation of the low energy part of the intranuclear \(\pi \)–\(N\) and \(N\)–\(N\) interactions. The modifications which have to be introduced into the conventional intranuclear cascade model at the energy \(T\gtrsim 5\) GeV, are discussed.
Activation Energy for the Natural Electric Conductivity of Complex Processes in Dielectric Liquids
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 469 (1969)
abstract
The non-linear shape of the dependence of natural conductivity \(\ln \sigma \) on reciprocal temperature \(1/T\) indicates the existence of at least two groups of mechanisms activated thermally in the conduction. The use of the general theory of complex processes made it possible to describe the changes of activation energy with changes of temperature and efficiency of the component mechanisms (the values of conductivities).
Tribothermoluminescence of CaF\(_2\) in the Presence of Oxygen
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 473 (1969)
abstract
The effect of ambient gases on the thermoluminescence of CaF\(_2\) was investigated. It was found that mechanical action on CaF\(_2\) in the presence of oxygen causes glow maxima to appear.
On the Influence of Librations on the Near IR Absorption Bands of Molecular Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 477 (1969)
abstract
The complex envelope in the spectrum of naphthalene and anthracene single crystals in the 5800–6200 cm\(^{-1}\) region and the differences in shape of the \(B_{3u}\) and \(B_{2u}\) bands are explained by the assumption of a superposition of the vibrational-librational and the pure vibrational transitions.
Space-Charge-limited Currents in Single Crystals of Anthracene Doped with Perylene
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 483 (1969)
abstract
A preliminary report on the results of the measurements of space-charge-limited currents in perylene-doped anthracene crystals is given and a scheme of energetic distribution of traps is discussed.
Application of a Plane-concave Resonator Ruby Laser to Stimulated Raman Effect in Liquids
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 487 (1969)
abstract
The Raman-active liquid is placed in the plane-concave resonator of a normal ruby laser. Intense Stokes radiation was observed from \(\mathrm {CCl}_4, \mathrm {CS}_2, \mathrm {C}_6\mathrm {H}_6, \mathrm {C}_6\mathrm {H}_5\mathrm {N}, \mathrm {C}_6\mathrm {H}_5\mathrm {CH}_3\) and \(\mathrm {C}_6\mathrm {H}_5\mathrm {NO}_2\). Time, spectral and energy characteristics of the Raman laser are studied.
The Corrections to the Quark Model and Exchange Degeneracy
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 491 (1969)
abstract
The experimentally observed small deviations from the exact exchange degeneracy rules for total cross sections are explained in terms of three-quark corrections to the conventional quark model.
Dielectric Saturation in Biopolymer Solutions
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 495 (1969)
abstract
A formula for the change in electric permittivity due to an arbitrarily strong DC electric field is derived by classical statistics and shown to predict total dielectric saturation in solutions of biopolymers in simple experiments, permitting determinations of the value and sign of the electric anisotropy of macromolecules.
The Deslandres–D’Azambuja Bands of Isotopic C\(_2\) Molecules
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 497 (1969)
abstract
Some bands of the Deslandres–d’Azambuja band system of \(^{12}\)C \(^{13}\)C and \(^{13}\)C\(_2\) molecules was obtained.ERRATA
Ternary Fission of \(^{238}_{92}\)U and \(^{232}_{90}\)Th Nuclei Induced by 2.9 MeV Neutrons
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 499 (1969)
О микроскопической теории ротационных возбуждении ядер
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 499 (1969)
Fasc. 4, pages 503–715
Broadening of the Ferromagnetic Resonance Line by Dislocation Dipoles
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 503 (1969)
abstract
The influence of dislocation dipoles on the ferromagnetic relaxation is studied. The relaxation time for uniform magnons is calculated taking into account two-magnon scattering processes on dislocation dipoles. The semiphenomenological approach to the magnon theory is used and the basic assumption is that the classical magnetoelastic energy provides the coupling of magnons to the deformation field of a dislocation dipole.
High Temperature Series Expansion for Heisenberg Systems in External Magnetic Field
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 517 (1969)
abstract
High temperature series expansion method is extended and applied to Heisenberg ferromagnetic systems in external magnetic field. Explicit formulae for the first four significant coefficients in the expansion of the Gibbs free energy have been derived for any crystal lattice, any spin value and arbitrary field strength. The results specyfied to fcc lattice are used to estimate the influence of the external field on the individual coefficients in the magnetic susceptibility series. It is found, that if the ratio \(H/T\) (expressed in SI units) is smaller than \(1.2 \times 10^2\), the relative decrease of the coefficients do not exceeds 0.5, 1 and 3 per cent for \(S = 1/2, 1\) and 5/2 respectively. The field dependence of the inverse magnetic susceptibility at different temperatures is discussed.
Determination of Magnetic Structures in hcp Crystals Part II
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 529 (1969)
abstract
From the known magnetic space group \(D_{6h}^4R\) in the disordered phase, all magnetic structures possible just below the Curie point related to the stars: \(\{\boldsymbol {k}_1\}, \{\boldsymbol {k}_5\}, \{\boldsymbol {k}_{13}\}\) and \(\{\boldsymbol {k}_{16}\}\) are found. A single second-order magnetic phase transition from the paramagnetic to the magnetic state is considered within the framework of the model of magnetic moments strictly attached to lattice points, on the base of Landau and Lifshitz’s phase transition theory.
Magnetic Spin Configurations in a Simple Cubic Lattice
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 541 (1969)
abstract
The spin system with Heisenberg isotropic exchange interactions has been considered. A rigorous method of Luttinger and Tisza has been applied to the problem of determining the ground state spin configurations in a simple cubic lattice. All possible spin configurations are calculated. The stability of the obtained spin configurations is examined. The symmetric collinear configurations are the only spin configurations stable for arbitrary values of first- second- and third-nearest neighbour exchange interactions (all other interactions are neglected). The spiral spin configurations become stable when fourth-nearest neighbour exchange interactions are included. The stability boundaries of spiral spin configurations are evaluated numerically for the ratio of fourth- and first-nearest neighbour exchange coupling parameters equal to \(-1/4\) and for positive values of the first-nearest neighbour exchange parameter. The results are presented on a two-dimensional stability diagram. An extension of these results over the entire temperature range is made in the molecular field approximation.
Spin–Orbit Coupling in a Crystalline Field
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 551 (1969)
abstract
Spin–orbit interaction for the case of an electron in the Pauli approximation moving in an electrostatic external field of symmetry lower than spherical is considered. The Hamiltonian of this interaction is written in terms of irreducible tensor operators and certain radial operators. A general formula for the matrix elements of this Hamiltonian in a basis of atomic functions is derived within the framework of the graphical methods of angular momentum theory. Matrix elements for the states of \(f_1\) configuration in a crystalline field with symmetry of any point group are calculated in terms of radial parameters. Moreover, in this case, beyond the radial parameters \(V_{kq}\) of earlier crystal field theory, two additional parameters relating to each \(V_{kq}\) are necessary for describing the energy levels.
Group-theoretical Derivation of Spin Hamiltonian for Pairs of Ions in a Magnetic Crystal
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 571 (1969)
abstract
The Hamiltonian describing electrostatic interactions of a pair of ions in a crystal is invariant under the point group of symmetry of the configuration space of the system. It is also invariant under time inversion. A method permitting the construction of such an invariant in the form of a spin Hamiltonian is proposed, using the transformations which reduce even representations of the full orthogonal group to irreducible representations of point groups, and Clebsch–Gordan coefficients. The form of the Hamiltonian for spins \(\frac {1}{2}\) and \(1\) is given explicitlys for all possible symmetries.
On the Order–Disorder Phenomena at the Surface of Solids
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 581 (1969)
abstract
It is shown, that the long-range order at the surface of solids is modified, if a surface anisotropy is taken into account.
Indirect Interaction Between Localized Spins in Thin Films
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 585 (1969)
abstract
The indirect exchange integral between localized spins solved in a thin film is calculated on the basis of the Rudemann–Kittel’s model. The result obtained shows that this integral is a function of the film thickness and of the position of localized spins in a thin film.
Stripe Domain Structure in Ferromagnetic Films on Ni–Fe
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 589 (1969)
abstract
360° walls and a new type of domain structure, called “strong stripe domain structure” were observed in thick 83% Ni–17% Fe films evaporated at 45°–80° angle of incidence. A model of the new structure is proposed, in which the in-plane conponent remains constant, and the other component spirals. The appearance of this structure is related to the film geometry and, in particular, to a high value of the constant of anisotropy \(K_{\perp }\).
Electrical Resistivity of Metals
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 615 (1969)
abstract
The scattering of electrons by phonons in metals is considered. The transition probability is calculated by means of the partial waves method. The formulae convenient for practical calculations of the electrical resistivity are given. A comparison of the obtained results for Fe with corresponding experimental data is presented.
Second-harmonic Generation of Light by Dipolar Molecules Totally Aligned in a DC Electric Field
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 621 (1969)
abstract
A microscopic theory of second-harmonic generation (SHG) of light by isotropic substances whose molecular electric dipoles have undergone total alignment in an intense DC electric field is proposed. Such electric saturation strongly raises the SHG intensity; this increase can be observed in some highly dipolar molecular liquids, particularly solutions of dipolar macro-molecules and colloid particles. For a weak electric field, the microscopic theory leads to Bloembergen’s phenomenological symmetry relations, recently confirmed experimentally by Mayer, for the nonlinear optical susceptibility tensor elements. Investigation of SHG electric saturation is shown to provide a new method permitting direct determinations of the second-order nonlinear optical polarizability of molecules, macromolecules and colloid particles.
Blue of the Sky and Critical Opalescence
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 633 (1969)
abstract
The essential steps in the argument leading to the theory of the blue of the sky due to Lord Rayleigh, and to the theory of critical opalescence of Smoluchowski and Einstein have been reviewed. The main features of the critical opalescence theory of Omstein and Zernike in the original version and in the modern treatment have been pointed out. On this basis it has been shown to what extent the program conceived by Ornstein and Zernike of amending the theory in connection with the approximations of the Smoluchowski and Einstein approach has been realized. In particular, the analysis of their theoretical treatment as well as of the modern one, leads to the conclusion that the pair correlation does not describe the dependence of the Smoluchowski and Einstein cells into which the scattering system has been divided (in the approach of Smoluchowski and Einstein) but the dependence of elements of volume within such a single cell. This conclusion served as basis for a theory of critical opalescence in which the Smoluchowski–Einstein uncorellated cells division, and Ornstein–Zernike correlation within a single cell are joined together. This theory characterizes itself by the introduction of highly abnormal fluctuations described by the \(|\sin \chi _2r|/r\) function which occupy a part of the scattering system and may lead to special phenomena in critical opalescence. The cross section consists of two parts, one connected with the Ornstein–Zernike correlation which describes fluctuations of low abnormality and the other connected with the \(|\sin \chi _2r|/r\) correlation describing the highly abnormal fluctuations.
Fluctuations in Magnetic Moment in Ferromagnets
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 659 (1969)
abstract
The method of determining the spatial behaviour of a fluctuation in magnetic moment represents a generalization of paper by J. Kociński, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 26, 895 (1965), to the case of temperatures below but close to the Curie point and to nonvanishing external magnetic field. A cubic Heisenberg ferromagnet of spins \(s = \frac {1}{2} \) has been described in the terms of the Kasteleijn and van Kranendonk model generalized to cover the nonequilibrium situation. The work necessary to create a fluctuation in magnetic moment has been calculated for two couples of thermodynamic variables: magnetic moment and external field or magnetic moment and local field (external plus molecular) which lead to the two functions which determine the spatial distribution of magnetic moment in the fluctuation, namely the Ornstein–Zernike form and the (\(|\sin \chi _2r|/r\)) form. With the average magnetization present, there appear the longitudinal and the transverse fluctuations in magnetic moment. The corresponding parameters \(\chi ^x_1\) and \(\chi ^z_1\) or \(\chi ^x_2\) and \(\chi ^z_2\) depend on temperature and magnetic field in a different way. The static spin correlation functions are proportional to the distribution of magnetic moment in the fluctuation.
On the Approximation of Real Boundary Conditions in a Linear Finite Chain by Cyclic Conditions
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 675 (1969)
abstract
The problem of a monatomic finite chain is dealt with by crystal vibration theory in the harmonic approximation. Assuming specific force constants for the boundaries, a parameter of “fixedness” of the end atoms is introduced, and its influence on the frequencies and shape of own-vibrations is considered. On comparing the obtained vibration frequency distribution with that derived by imposing cyclic boundary conditions, the latter are found to be correct only for strongly specialized values of the “pinning” parameter. Hence, certain conditions other than cyclic are proposed. A criterion is given for the existence of surface vibrations in the finite monatomic chain.
Critical Scattering of Polarized Neutrons in Ferromagnets
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 697 (1969)
abstract
The following theory of magnetic critical scattering differs from the conventional one, initiated by Van Hove and developed by other authors mainly in the two respects: (1) It is based, on the model of the scattering system which reflects the system’s inhomogeneity for temperatures in the vicinity of the critical point, while the conventional treatment implies homogeneity of the system and (2) It operates with two forms of the instantaneous spin correlation, the Ornstein–Zernike form — applied also in the conventional theory, and the \(|\sin \chi _2r|/r\) form — introduced by one of us. The theory would represent a simple generalization of the approach developed earlier for temperatures above the Curie point, to temperatures below but close to the critical, with external field present and polarized incoming neutrons, were it not for the essential modification: It consists in the simultaneous application of both the spin correlations to the description of the scattering system. Now, the Ornstein–Zernike form describes the correlation of spins of the background, while the \(|\sin \chi _2r|/r\) form the correlation of spins in the regions of the system with highly abnormal fluctuations, while in the earlier exposition these correlations were treated as alternatives.
Ternary Fission of \(^{232}\)Th Nuclei Induced by 14 MeV Neutrons
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 707 (1969)
abstract
Ternary fission of \(^{232}\)Th nuclei induced by 14 MeV neutrons was observed. The kinetic energy of fragments and the frequency of occurrence of ternary fission to binary fission were measured.
Dielectric Measurements of FeOOH
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 709 (1969)
abstract
The permittivity for the frequency of 9.52 gigacycles per second of material classified as goethite with two internal magnetic fields was measured in the range of temperatures from 20°C to 130°C. In this material a lambda point was found to exist at 57°C in the magnetic susceptibility. The described measurements revealed the existence of water in the samples and did not display any anomaly in the permittivity within the investigated range of temperatures.
X-Ray Crystallography of p-Brom-Benzimino Methyl Ether
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 713 (1969)
abstract
Crvstals of p-brom-benzimino methyl ether belong to the orthorhombic system, space group \(D^{15}_{2h}\). The unit cell has the dimensions \(a = 18.64, b = 15,47, c = 5.82\) Å and contains 8 molecules.
X-Ray Investigation of the Crystal Structure of 2,2,2-trichlorethylidene-\(N\), \(N\)-bis-trichloracetamide
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 715 (1969)
abstract
Crystals of 2,2,2-trichlorethylidene-\(N\), \(N\)-bis-trichloracetamide CCl\(_3\)CH(NHCOCCI\(_3\))\(_2\) belong to the orthorhombic system. The possible space groups are Cmc2\(_1\), Ama2, Cmem. The unit cell of dimensions \(a = 17.67, b= 9.10, c = 9.84\) Å contains 4 molecules.Fasc. 5, pages 719–901
Electrostatic Sensitometry Using the Intensity Characteristic Curves of Electrographic Photoreceptors
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 719 (1969)
abstract
The characteristic curve (at constant time of exposure) may be used as the electric characteristic for estimating electrophotographic materials. The measuring device is described in detail as well as the method of measurement and the way of determining the parameters of xerographic layers. The results of measurements for two xerographic materials, the anthracene-formaldehyde resin and Se, both negatively charged, are presented.
Asymptotic Condition and Functional Formulation of S-Matrix Theory
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 727 (1969)
abstract
It is shown in a formal way how the functional form \(S[{\mit \Delta }^Fj;\alpha ,\beta ] = \mathrm {e}^{\alpha \beta }{\mathcal S}[{\mit \Delta }^Fj + q_0[\alpha ,\beta ]\) follows from the \(LSZ\) asymptotic condition and inversely, how the asymptotic condition follows from the assumption \(S[{\mit \Delta }^Fj;\alpha ,\beta ] = \mathrm {e}^{\alpha \beta }{\mathcal S}[{\mit \Delta }^Fj + q_0[{\alpha ,\beta }]\). It is also shown that the proof does not depend on quasilocal terms.
Second-order Perturbation Calculations with Correlated Zero-order Functions for Two-electron Atoms. On the Rate of Convergence of the Perturbation Series
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 735 (1969)
abstract
A perturbation procedure for two-electronic systems is proposed in which correlation effects are taken into account in the zero order. It allows to obtain, for the helium ground state, a rate of convergence for the energy series better than any other perturbation scheme. This method allowed for an investigation of the influence of poles appearing in the perturbing operator upon the rate of convergence just mentioned. Numerical results up to the fifth order in energy and second order for other expectation values, are presented.
Approaching the Steady State at Fast Adiabatic Transitions in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 755 (1969)
abstract
The theory of approaching of NMR signals to the steady state in the case of fast adiabatic transitions is presented. It is shown that NMR signals are located on two exponential curves decaying with the relaxation time \(T_1\). The theoretical results are supported by experiments.
On Some Identities in the Theory of Normal and Ferromagnetic Fermi Liquids
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 763 (1969)
abstract
The identities for correlation functions introduced several years ago by Noziéres and Luttinger are systematically investigated. Further, the basic formulae for Fermi liquids are obtained in a simple manner. In the final part of our paper the question of the Coulomb component in the interaction is discussed. It is shown that all obtained formulae hold if we consequently replace the effective interaction between quasiparticles, \({\mit \Gamma }^{\omega }\), by the proper part of this function defined by Noziéres and Luttinger.
Investigation of the Bleaching of Nacl Single Crystal Samples Irradiated with Neutrons
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 773 (1969)
abstract
Optical bleaching (with white light) of natural rock salt samples irradiated in a reactor is studied. Absorption bands of F, R, M, N\(_1\) and N\(_2\)-centers were found for wavelengths between 3300 and 12000 Å at room temperature. The dependence of the bleaching kinetics of the particular bands on neutron does as well as on plastic deformation is also studied. In the initial bleaching stage the F and N\(_1\) centers exhibit characteristic similar features. An attempt is made to explain the bleaching processes and the optical bleaching processes are compared with the damping of ultrasonic waves.
The Angular Decay Distributions of \(N^* (1236)\) in the Photoproduction Process \(\gamma p \to \pi ^-N^{*++}(1236)\) in the Quark Model
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 783 (1969)
abstract
The constraints on the decay angular distributions of \(N^*(1236)\) produced in the process \(\gamma p \to \pi ^-N^{*++}(1236)\) have been discussed according to Białas–Zalewski classification. It is shown that relations obtained for the process induced by unpolarized photons seem to be satisfied in the Donohue–Hogaasen frame of reference. The predictions on the decay angular distributions of \(N^*(1236)\), cross-sections and asymmetry parameter are given for the process induced by polarized photons.
Determination of the Electrical Resistance of a Superconductor in the Intermediate State on the Basis of Its Magnetic Induction Distribution
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 787 (1969)
abstract
The geometry of the distribution of superconducting and normal domains found by the bismuth probe technique, with a known specific resistance of the bulk sample in the normal state, can be utilized for determining the value of the sample’s electrical resistance unperturbed by the shortening of the free path of conduction electrons due to their reflection at the surfaces of the superconducting domains.
Ferroelectric-polarization Field Effect in Tellurium Films Evaporated Onto TGS and TGSe Crystalline Substrates
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 791 (1969)
abstract
The field effect caused by total polarization reversal of a ferroelectric substrate is studied in tellurium films evaporated onto TGS and TGSe crystal surfaces. Integrating the current variations produced in the load circuit of the films by substrate polarization switching, the charge migrating by diffusion into the film is determined quantitatively and compared with the polarization charge produced on the crystal surface by total reversal of its spontaneous polarization. The charge diffusing into the Te film is found to amount to 40–50 per cent of the polarization charge.
Analysis of the Polarization States of a Wave Diffracted by an Ideally Conducting Half-plane
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 803 (1969)
abstract
The polarization states of a wave diffracted by an ideally conducting half-plane are analysed by means of Wolf’s coherence matrices. It is then shown that the curves representing the changes in polarization of the diffracted wave as a function of the angle of diffraction are geodetic lines on the Poincaré sphere.
Feldemissionsuntersuchungen an ZnP\(_2\)
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 819 (1969)
abstract
Die Feldelektronenem ission aus ZnP\(_2\) wurde in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und Belichtung untersuch. Die auftretenden nichtlinearen Strom-Spannungs-Kennlinien lassen sich durch einen Spannungsabfall am Emitter deuten. Man findet Emission aus einem an der Oberfläche entarteten Leitungsband. Die spektrale Abhängigkeit des Emissionsstroms beweist den Volumenncharakter der Nichtlinearitäten im Kennlinienverlauf.
Perturbation Expansions of Field Operators in Quantum Electrodynamics
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 825 (1969)
abstract
Expressions for field operators in quantum electrodynamics are given up to the third order of perturbation theory expanded in terms of incoming asymptotic fields. To make the description in the Fock space possible a small photon mass is introduced from the very beginning. It is found that even though this theory is not renormalizable according to the standard criteria, finite field operators \(\psi (x)\) and \(\lambda (x)\) can be unambiguously obtained.
Dependence of the Photoluminescence of ZnS and ZnS–Pb Luminophors on Activator Concentration at Different Temperatures
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 839 (1969)
abstract
it has been found that in the ZnS luminophor without lead there is low-temperature photoluminescence (blue band) with maximum intensity at \(-\)60°C and which already at 20°C is distinctly weakened due to temperature extinction. In the ZnS–Pb luminophors high-temperature photoluminescence (green band) appears, the maximum of which falls at 82°C. The intensity maximum in the spectrum of low-temperature photoluminescence shifts towards the shorter wavelengths with inereasing temperature, whereas in the high-temperature spectrum towards the longer wavelengths, The behaviour of both bands were examined in the total photoluminescence of ZnS–Pb at different temperatures and it was found that the increasing number of green Pb centers causes complete extiction of the blue luminescence. An estimate of the concentration which extinguishes the green band of lead in the ZnS–Pb luminophors is made. The results in the change of half-width versus \(\sqrt {T}\) for the ZnS luminophor obtained now are in almost exact agreement with analogous results by Shionoya for ZnS single crystals. It was established that the green centers in ZnS–Pb luminophors produced under the technological conditions outlined below have the character of localized centers.
Generalized Thermodynamics of the Electromagnetic Radiation in a Cavity. Part I. A5-Temperature Thermodynamics of One Mode
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 855 (1969)
abstract
It is shown that macroscopic measurement of the mean electric and magnetic field vectors as well as of the mean electric and magnetic field energies as functions of time in a “one-mode cavity” determines 5 statistical parameters which may be interpreted as the first and the second order moments of “\(p\)” and “\(q\)” of the radiation oscillator (2 mean values, 2 variances and 1 covariance). If we maximize the Von Neumann entropy of the field by the given moments, we obtain a 5-temperature generalization of the usual thermodynamics of the “black-body radiation”. Rigorous formulae for temperatures by given moments, and for moments by given temperatures, are obtained as well as necessary and sufficient conditions for existence of a unique solution. The time dependence of all quantities is also exactly found. Finally, it is shown that if frequency \(\omega \) of the mode is only statistically determined, our thermodynamics goes over for \(t \to \infty \) (\(t\) — time) into the black-body radiation thermodynamics.
Inelastic Interactions of High Energy Protons with Atomic Nuclei
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 887 (1969)
abstract
The Monte-Carlo method is used to calculate the intranuclear cascades initiated by protons of an energy from a few dozens of MeV to about 30 GeV. The law of energy-momentum conservation and the meson production processes are exactly taken into account. The evaporation from excited residue-nuclei is calculated. In the whole energy range from a few dozens of MeV to about 5 GeV the results of calculations are in good agreement with experiment; at higher energies there appear noticeable discrepancies in the characteristics of the low-energy component of produced particles. These discrepancies grow with increasing energy of the primary nucleon. A analogous disagreement between the experimental results and those obtained by the usual cascade theory takes place in the case of pion-nuclear interactions.
Differential System with Thermistors for Thermal Detection of EPR Signals
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 901 (1969)
abstract
The present paper shows that thermistors can be used for thermal detection of EPR signals. The experiments have proved this system to be of high sensitivity.Fasc. 6, pages 907–1121
On the Poincaré-irreducibility of Some Spaces of Solutions of a Partial Differential Equation
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 907 (1969)
abstract
The irreducibility with respect to the Poincaré group \(G\) of the so-called “positive (negative)-energy solutions space” of Klein–Gordon equation can be shown by means of the well-known Mackey’s theory. However it would be desirable to give a demonstration in terms of some more simple mathematical apparatus. The aim of the present paper is just that of showing the lines of such a demonstration.
Vibrational Frequencies of Pentafluoro Sulfur Bromide by Rotational Spectral Data
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 915 (1969)
abstract
The vibrational frequencies of pentafluoro sulfur bromide (SF\(_5\)Br) were predicted using the vibrational frequencies of similar molecules, like pentafluoro sulfur chloride (SF\(_5\)Cl) and pentafluoro sulfur-carbontrifluoride (SF\(_5\)CF\(_3\)), and the experimental values of the rotational distortion constants. The frequencies corresponding to the sulfur bromine bond stretching mode and SF\(_5\) rocking mode calculated from the rotational distortion constants data are found to be 205.5 cm\(^{-1}\) and 339.5 cm\(^{-1}\). A normal coordinate analysis was attempted for SF\(_5\)Br, using the method of “characteristic set”. The values of 1.9481 m dy/A, 5.5844 m dy/A and 4.2629 m dy/A corresponding to S–Br stretching, S–F (axial) stretching and S–F (equatorial) stretching were obtained in the present study. These values are consistent with the bond length for these bonds.
Electronic Interaction in the Free-electron Model Part II. Results for Systems Containing Barriers
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 921 (1969)
abstract
The effect of a potential barrier on the electronic coulomb repulsion integrals in a one-dimensional well is examined using methods described previously. A series of cases were studied in which the position, height, and width of the barrier as well as the overall length of the containing well were varied. Some applications of the results are suggested.
Cross-sections for the Meson–Baryon Two-body Reactions and the Quark Model
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 929 (1969)
abstract
A comparison is presented of the predictions of the quark model with the existing experimental data for the production of pseudoscalar and vector mesons in two-body reactions with charge exchange but no strangeness exchange.
Decay Scheme of \(^{125}\)Xe
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 939 (1969)
abstract
A study of the decay scheme of \(^{125}\mathrm {Xe} \to \, ^{125}\)I was carried out using germanium and silicon detectors as well as Nal(Tl) and anthracene crystals. Samples of \(^{125}\)Xe were prepared by irradiating natural Xe in a reactor. Some of the measurements were also made with the use of mass-separated \(^{125}\)Xe sources. Singles and coincidence \(\gamma \) spectra were measured. The total decay energy of \(^{125}\mathrm {Xe} \to \, ^{125}\)I was found to be \(1735\pm 40\) keV from the \(\beta ^+\)–\(\gamma 243.4\) and \(\beta ^+\)–K243.4 coincidence spectra. The relative intensities of gamma rays and the left values of \(\beta \) transitions were determined. Results suggest spin \(1/2^+\) for the ground state of \(^{125}\)Xe. The level scheme of \(^{125}\)I is proposed.
On Collective Excitations of Superconductors
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 951 (1969)
abstract
The object of this paper is to refine the solutions of the equations for collective excitations in superconductors, which have been derived in the case of \(S\)-pairing and \(P\)-pairing by Bogolubov and Czerwonko, respectively, in this paper we introduce the interaction harmonics, and we take into account zeroth and first ones. The energy spectrum is calculated up to the first correction term. The equivalent calculations for the Coulomb term are also presented.
On the Real Part of the Forward Proton–Proton Scattering Amplitude
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 963 (1969)
abstract
An attempt has been made to obtain ihe ratio of the real to imaginary part of the proton–proton forward scattering amplitude from the experimental values of differential cross-section by taking into account the full spin dependence of the nuclear amplitude. On the other hand, the value of Re \(f\)/Im \(f\) has been calculated for the Regge-parametrized \(p\)–\(p\) amplitude with the contribution of the cut in the complex \(j\)-plane. The possible influence of pion conspiracy on the value of Re \(f\)/Im \(f\) has been also checked.
Temperature Effects in EPR Spectra of the Tropylium Radical in Crystal Matrices. I. Intramolecular Vibronic Coupling
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 971 (1969)
abstract
Interpretation of the temperature dependence of the EPR spectra of the tropylium radical in crystal matrices, which assumes free rotation of the radical, is critically examined. An attempt is made to interpret the observed temperature dependence of the EPR spectra in terms of vibronic coupling effects. In a more general model described in this part the intramolecular vibronic coupling due to \(E'_3\) skeletal stretching vibrations is considered. This mechanism is shown to determine only the main features of the observed temperature dependence.
Temperature Effects in EPR Spectra of the Tropylium Radical in Crystal Matrices. II. The Influence of the Vibronic Coupling Due to Intermolecular Vibrations
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 987 (1969)
abstract
A more detailed model of the tropylium radical in a solid matrix is considered; it involves vibronic coupling of the nearly degenerate intramolecular vibronic states with the intermolecular torsional motion. The corresponding vibronic equation is derived and solved numerically. It is shown that for some reasonable values of the semi-empirical parameters a good qualitative agreement with the experimental data is obtained.
Local Quantum Field Theory Without Divergences. II
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 995 (1969)
abstract
A field formalism with strongly non-linear, bounled Lagrangians representing infinite sets of many-body interactions, is discussed. Such field theory is free of the usual convergence difficulties. The problem of \(S\)-matrix is discussed in connection with a theorem of Haag. It is pointed out that this type of formalism may prove useful in the formulation of a dynamical theory of quarks.
Exchange Degeneracy and the Quark Model of High Energy Scattering
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1007 (1969)
abstract
Exchange degeneracy for the quark amplitudes is discussed. Implications for physical two-body reactions are investigated. Unified description of all exchange degeneracy predictions is given.
Effective Mobility in Polycrystalline Semiconductors
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1011 (1969)
abstract
The dependence of the effective mobility on the mobility of charge carriers and on the transmission coefficient of the barrier between crystallites has been calculated for polycrystalline semiconducting material. The calculations were made for the case when the mean crystallites size is several times as large as the mean free path of the carriers. The present work is thus a supplement of the discussion of Waxman et al. who considered the case when the crystallite size is of the same order as the mean free path or less. The dependence of effective mobility on temperature and on mobility in crystallites calculated for opaque barriers is in good agreement with experimental data obtained by other authors.
\(\alpha \) NPO Excimer Fluorescence in Styrene and Polystyrene
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1017 (1969)
abstract
The concentrational variation of the fluorescence spectra of \(\alpha \) NPO (2-/1-naphtyl/-5-phenyloxazole) in styrene and polystyrene has been studied at room temperature. \(\alpha \) NPO excimer emission was found to appear in liquid styrene and solid polystyrene. Comparable values of half-value concentrations \(c_k\) and constants \(K\) describing the association process in the excited state were obtained for solutions of \(\alpha \) NPO in styrene and polystyrene.
Shift of Charge by Impurity in a Simple Model of Cubic Metals
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1025 (1969)
abstract
It is pointed out, in the framework of LCAO for a metal with only \(s\)-type of atomic orbitals, that by a certain quasi-exponential decrease of the atom–atom interaction integrals with the distance between the atoms it is possible to obtain for the electron energy a quasi-isotropic expression in the space of the wave vector throughout the Brillouin zone. Thus, the dependence of the density of electron states on energy resembles that of the Debye’s spectrum of vibrating lattice. The model allows for impurity a simple perturbation calculus in a wide range of energies. The numerical calculations have been performed in the case of a concentrated impurity in the body centered cubic lattice and the impurity potential was then determined from the Friedel’s condition. The calculations are compared with a corresponding treatment of impurity in the quasi-free electron gas.
Cylindrical Case of Kirchhoff’s Theory of Diffraction of Elastic Waves
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1039 (1969)
abstract
The paper gives a modified form of the Huygens principle for elastic waves dependent on two space coordinates, and its application to the problem of Kirchhoff’s theory of diffraction is discussed.
An Anemometer with a Transported Thermal Signal Modulated by a Constant Frequency
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1045 (1969)
abstract
The work contains an outline of the anemometer with a transported thermal signal theory. The influence of the thermal inertia of the transmitter of the thermal signal and that of the detector of temperature are taken into consideration. A circuit diagram of the electronic system is presented with a detailed description of the apparatus employed. The calibration curve of the anemometer constructed is included an the results obtained are compared with theory.
Electric Phenomena in Solid and Liquid p-Dichlorobenzene
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1053 (1969)
abstract
Heteropolarization observed in the case of the solid state converts upon melting into homopolarization in the liquid state. At the liquid-to-solid transition the change in electric conductivity is jumpwise.
Permutation Symmetry of Three Triplets and Binding of Quarks
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1057 (1969)
abstract
The idea of permutation symmetry of three triplets in the Han–Nambu model, taken together with the previously proposed saturation mechanism provided by a complex “quark charge”, solves the problem of unwanted mesons in this model.
The \(g\)-factor of the 184 keV State of \(^{67}\)Zn
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1065 (1969)
abstract
The angular correlation coefficient \(A_2 = -0.2031\pm 0.0018\) for the 209–184 keV \(\gamma \)–\(\gamma \) cascade in \(^{67}\)Zn was obtained. The derived admixture of E\(2\) in the 209 keV transition is equal to \(Q(\mathrm {E}2) \lt 0.2\)%. The half-life of the 184 keV state was remeasured as \(T_{1/2} = 1.03\pm 0.05\) ns. The \(g\)-factor of the 184 keV state was determined by the method of the integral rotation of the angular correlation in an external magnetic field. \(g = 0.33\pm 0.04\) was obtained. A new method of data handling was applied for \(g\)-factor calculation which can be used in the case of poorly resolved gamma cascades.
The Kirchhoff Solution of Diffraction in Isotropic and Uniaxtal Anisotropic Media and Its Division Into TE and TM Type Parts
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1071 (1969)
abstract
The paper presents and analyses the separation of an electrically transverse field TE and magnetically transverse field TM from an electromagnetic field represented by Huygens’ principle in the Lorentz–Larmor formulation. Thanks to this separation it is possible to split the Kirchhoff solution of the electromagnetic diffraction problem in an isotropic medium into TE and TM type parts relative to any direction to the screen plane with an arbitrary wave incident to the screen. Moreover, it is shown how to obtain, by using formulae for a field produced by an electric and magnetic dipole in a uniaxial anisotropic medium, the Kirchhoff solution to the electromagnetic diffraction problem and its division into TE and TM type parts relative to the anisotropy axis.
Electronic Structure and Spectra of Organic Molecules. Part VIII. SCF MO CI Calculations for Hypoxanthine and Guanine Tautomers
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1081 (1969)
abstract
The semiempirical SCF MO CI method is applied to the study of \(\pi \)-electronic structure and spectra of a number of the hypoxanthine and guanine tautomers. Experimental data for transition energies (singlet–singlet \(\pi \to \, \pi ^*\) type) and polarization transition moments are well predicted by the calculation for the lactam form of both hypoxanthine and guanine with the hydrogen bonded to N\(_1\) and the oxygen double bonded to C\(_6\).
Concentration Dependence of the Kondo Effect in Dilute Magnetic Alloys
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1093 (1969)
abstract
Influence of the finite concentration of magnetic impurities on the Kondo temperature and resistivity of dilute magnetic alloys is examined. It is assumed that there are no spin ordering in the system.
Dependence of the Work Function of Tungsten Single Crystal Planes on Oxygen Adsorption
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1095 (1969)
abstract
The variation of the work function with coverage of adsorbed oxygen has been measured on the (110), (211), (111) and (310) planes of a tungsten single crystal.
Исследование времен жизни возбужденных состояний ядер гадолиния
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1099 (1969)
abstract
Измерен период полураспада \(^{151}\)Tb по спаду активности конверсионных электронов К 108,1 кэв. Период полураспада равен \(Т_{1/2}=(16‚5\pm 0,3)\) часа. Исследовались времена жизни нижних возбужденных состояний \(^{149}\)Ga, \(^{151}\)Ga и \(^{152}\)Ga методом е-е-совпадений. Период полураспада состояния \(^{149}\)Ga с энергией 164,5 кэв (\(5/2^-\)) равен \(T_{1/2} = (1,35\pm 0,30)\times 10^{-9}\) сек. Периоды полураспада состояний \(^{151}\)Ga с энергиями 108,1 кэв (\(5/2^-\)), 395,2 кэв (\(3/2^-\)) и 587,5 кэв (5/2) равны, соответственно \((2,72\pm 0,25)\times 10^{-9}\) сек, \((0,32\pm 0,04)\times 10^{-9}\) сек и \(\leqslant 0,3 \times 10^{-9}\) сек. Оценен период полураспада состояния \(^{152}\)Ga с энергией 344,4 кэв \((2^+\)), \(Т_{1/2} \leqslant 0,3\times 10^{-9}\) сек.
Quarks in Quasars and a False Analogy
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1105 (1969)
abstract
Arguments are presented in favour of the suggestion that the split-up of nucleons into quarks is an endoenergic process, and cannot be regarded as the energy source for quasars (as advanced recently by S.M.W. Ahmad, Acta Phys. Polon. 35, 327 (1969)).
Note on the Herzberg System of the Isotopic CO Molecules
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1109 (1969)
abstract
The positions of band heads the Herzberg system \(C^1{\mit \Sigma } \to \, A^1{\mit \Pi }\) have been measured for the isotope molecules \(^{12}\)C\(^{16}\)O, \(^{13}\)C\(^{16}\)O, and \(^{12}\)C\(^{18}\)O. The wave numbers corresponding to the band heads are shown in Table I.
Can Nuclear Processes Be Stimulated by Electronic Structure of Macromolecules?
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1111 (1969)
abstract
A influence of electronic structure of macromolecules on the nuclear states is discussed.
A Note on the Nuclear Processes Stimulated by Biological Materials
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1115 (1969)
abstract
Some trial interpretation of observed nuclear phenomena in biological material is presented.
Influence of the \(PH\) Solution of Uranyl Nitrate on the Discrimination of Particle Tracks
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1119 (1969)
abstract
The influence of the \(PH\) solution of uranyl nitrate on the discrimination of particle tracks and the background of \(\gamma \) rays was investigated. The discrimination between binary fission fragments and \(\alpha \) particle tracks increases for lower \(PH\) solutions of uranyl nitrate and the background of \(\gamma \) rays decreases with the fall of the \(PH\) solution of uranyl nitrate.ERRATA
\(^{19}\mathrm {F}\) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies in Glassy Thermophosphate
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1121 (1969)
Holographic Method of Determining Temperature Distributions
Acta Phys. Pol. 36, 1121 (1969)