Vol. XXIII (1963)
Fasc. 1, pages 3–101
Determination of the Crystallographic Orientation of Iron–Silicon Alloy Single Crystals from the Observation of Etch Pits
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 3 (1963)
abstract
The purpose of the present investigation was to master the methods of determining crystallographic orientation from the observation of etch pits. The investigation was carried out on iron–silicon alloy monocrystals of 3.25% Si content. Various reagents were tested for obtaining etch pits with straight edges and properly developed faces. The samples were etched chemically or electrolytically. The crystallographical orientation of the surface on which the etch pits were observed was determined by means of a two-circle optical goniometer utilizing the Wulf meridian stereographic net. In the case of etch pits presenting involved forms, the relations derived by Tucker and Murphy were applied.
Ultraviolet Luminescence of an Aluminium Oxide Layer During Its Electrolytic Formation
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 13 (1963)
abstract
An aluminium anode becomes a source of radiation during its electrolytic oxidation. This radiation lies in the visible and in the ultraviolet range. A number of authors investigated the former, whereas the ultraviolet emission has as yet been the subject of no more than several papers. The results of Audubert and Viktorin (1936, 1937) and of Domansky (1949) pointed to a mechanism of ultraviolet emission distinct from that of emission of visible light. This paper deals with the time and voltage characteristics of the ultraviolet emission of an aluminium oxide layer during the process of its electrolytic formation in citric or oxalic acid. The ultraviolet radiation emitted was recorded by means of a photon G.-M. counter with a German’ silver cathode. The achieved results point to an analogy with the visible emission. Possible explanations are given for the fact that previous authors failed to observe such analogies. The similarity of ultraviolet and visible light emission as observed by the present authors weakens the assumption of Audubert and Viktorin of two distinct emission mechanisms in the case of electrolytic oxidation of aluminium.
Quantum Statistical Mechanics of Antiferromagnetics, II
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 23 (1963)
abstract
The retarded and advanced Green functions of isotropic antiferromagnetics are considered in the superposition approximation. Equations for average magnetization of sublattices and the parallel magnetic susceptibility are obtained. In a more detail form these equations are discussed near the Curie point. The theory may be applied to lattices divisible into two sublattices such that the nearest neighbours of atoms of the first sublattice lie in the second one.
Influence of Neutral Salts on the Photoluminescence
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 43 (1963)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 23, 856 (1963)
abstract
Several properties of the univalent anion of fluorescein, identified in 1958 by Zanker and Peter, have been studied. Neutral aqueous solutions in which three ionic forms of fluorescein (univalent and bivalent anions and neutral molecules) exist simultaneously have been investigated. It was found that under the influence of quenchers of the neutral-salt type (KCl, KBr, KCNS, KI) which are strong electrolytes, the univalent anion of fluorescein dissociates. It follows from an analysis of the absorption spectra that the bivalent anion and a proton are products of this dissociation. This protolytic process is accompanied by an increase in the luminescence intensity. The quenching of the luminescence is again observed for large concentrations of salts of particularly strong quenchers.
Study of Adsorption and Thermal Desorption of Germanium on Tungsten with the Aid of a Field-emission Microscope
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 53 (1963)
abstract
The influence of the adsorption of germanium on the field emission of tungsten and the thermal desorption of germanium from tungsten was studied with the aid of a field-emission microscope. It was established that the adsorption of germanium leads to a decrease in the emission. For a given covering the decrease accepts its extremal value. During the desorption of germanium at increasing temperatures the changes in the emission current occur mainly in certain temperature intervals (about 580–700°C, 800–950°C and also above 1600°C). It thus follows that the desorption occurs mainly in these temperature intervals.
Influence of Temperature and of Some Technological Factors on the Disaccommodation Phenomenon in Silicon Iron
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 59 (1963)
abstract
Investigation of the influence of temperature, and of some technological factors, on disaccommodation phenomenon, which in high degree deforms the measuring of weak-field \(s\) magnetic properties, was the object of this paper. The investigations covered a temperature range from \(-\)195 to \(+\)700°C.
“Uniformly Accelerated” Motion and Relativity
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 69 (1963)
abstract
In an appropriate de Sitter universe a transformation exists representing a transition from rest to a “uniformly accelerated” motion which do not change the quadratic line element of this universe. This transformation is particularly simple in the coordinate system \(\xi = t+t_{(0)}+x/c\), \(\eta = t+t_{(0)}-x/c\). It reduced to \(\xi ^\prime = t_{(0)}^2/\eta \), \(\eta ^\prime = t_{(0)}^2/\xi \), where \(t_{(0)}\) is an arbitrary constant.
Analysis of the Integral Spectrum of Ionization Pulses Caused by Nuclear Active Particles at Mountain Altitudes
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 77 (1963)
abstract
A measurement of energy spectrum of nuclear active particles on sea level (200 m) and at mountain altitudes (3200 m) was undertaken. The apparatus consisted of ionization chambers trays and mixed lead–graphite absorbers. The spectrum found is almost exponential. The slope has a slight increasing tendency at high energies, but at present without statistical significance. The exponent of the spectrum in energy range \(10^{12}\)–\(5\times 10^{13}\) eV is at mountain altitudes \(1.7\pm 0.1\). It has the same value as primary spectrum exponent in energy interval \(10^{12}\)–\(10^{15}\) eV. This means that the total inelasticity coefficient is energy independent.
Statistical and Thermodynamical Description of Corre Lated Systems. I. General Considerations
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 93 (1963)
abstract
The general definitions, master equations, statistical correlation functions, and formulas for observables and their time changes, in general form, were given for two interacting subsystems weakly, strongly or completely correlated.ERRATA
Urey–Bradley Force Field and Thermodynamic Properties: Planar XYZ2 Type Molecules
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 101 (1963)
Fasc. 2, pages 103–263
On Surface Recombination in Germanium
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 103 (1963)
abstract
The surface recombination velocity on the [111] face of \(p\)-germanium single crystal specimens was investigated in terms of the surface potential for a number of injection levels. The samples were washed in H\(_2\)O\(_2\) and the measurements were made in vacuo of the order of 10 mm Hg at a temperature of 300°K. The surface potential was varied by field-effect technique. An 80–100 Hz sine field was applied. The excess carriers were light injected. The observed dependences are interpreted on the basis of the Schockley–Read model as applied to the case of high injection levels. This analysis allows to suggest the presence of two surface recombination states, one situated at about 4.7 kT above midgap (or about \(-\)2.3 kT below it), and the other one at 7–8 kT above it. The ratio of holes and electrons capture cross sections is also evaluated for either state. The experimental part of this investigation was carried out in Moscow (1959) at the Laboratory of Professor B.M. Vul (FIAN SSSR) in the A.V. Rzhanov group in collaboration with I.A. Arkhipova. The calculations and theoretical explanations were worked out at the Warsaw University.
Cosmological Considerations on the Relativity of Inertia
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 133 (1963)
abstract
The assumption that the total mass of the universe varies during its expansion is discussed and its consequences are compared with the results of astronomical measurements from the standpoint of general relativity theory. If the present-day numerical data on Hubble’s factor of cosmical expansion \(H_1\), on the deceleration parameter \(q_1\), and on the age \(T_1\) of the present expansion of the universe are considered to be reliable, it follows from this investigation that the total mass of the universe did not remain constant in the course of the present expansion, but rather increased.
On the Microwave Behaviour of Dielectric Constants of Dielectric–Metal Mixtures
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 149 (1963)
abstract
Dielectric properties of polystyrene-metal type diphase materials have been tested at microwave frequencies. It was found that microwave dielectric constants of such materials are slightly higher than low frequency dielectric constants. The effect observed was investigated for various metal admixtures, various volume concentrations and different shapes of the grains. The results are shown in the comparative curves for different polarizations. Artificial dielectrics were obtained showing high anisotropy.
Statistical and Thermodynamical Description of Correlated Systems. II. Entropy
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 159 (1963)
abstract
Equations describing the entropy, its time changes, and the entropy production are given tor weakly, strongly, and completely correlated two subsystems forming together an isolated system. The total entropy production \(\sigma \) of the isolated system is composed from the entropy productions \(\sigma ^1\), \(\sigma ^2\) and \(\sigma ^{12}\) due to the irreversible processes occurring in and between both subsystems. The total entropy \(S\) of that system consists of the entropies \(S^1\), \(S^2\) of both subsystems, and of the entropy of interaction between these subsystems \(S^{12}\).
Intensity Ratios in Doublets of the Fine Structure in the Al III and Si IV Spectra
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 167 (1963)
abstract
Intensity ratios were measured for the following three doublets of the Al III fine structure: \(3d^2D_{3/2,5/2}-3p^2P_{1/2,3/2}\)(1605.7 Å . U., 1611.90 Å . U., 1611.88 Å . U.), \(4s^2S_{1/2}-3p^2P_{1/2,3/2}\)(1379.6 Å . U., 1384 Å . U.), \(3p^2P_{1/2,3/2}-3s^2S_{1/2}\)(1855 Å . U., 1863 Å . U.). Also, that of the resonance doublet of the Si IV fine structure \(3p^2P_{1/2,3/2}-3s^2S_{1/2}\)(1403 Å . U., 1394 Å . U.) was determined. All intensity ratios of the Al III and Si IV doublets measured revealed comsiderable deviations from the intensity rule.
On the Approximate Applicability of the Schrödinger Equation to Non-isolated Systems
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 177 (1963)
abstract
Problems in which Schrödinger’s equation with time-dependent Hamiltonian is applied to one system should rather be considered as representing cases of two systems, the second acting appreciably on the first but not inversely; the systems as a whole is then considered to be isolated and, consequently, subject to treatment by means of a Schrödinger equation with time-independent Hamiltonian. The composition and decomposition of systems is dealt with by the method of statistical operators of v. Neumann. Both methods of dealing with the problem are shown to lead in good approximation to the same results, but only for times fulfilling a given inequality.
In-pile Thermoelectric Power Measurements of Germanium Bombarded by Fast Neutrons
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 189 (1963)
abstract
The thermoelectric power and electrical conductivity of germanium bombarded by fast neutrons in the reactor at Świerk have been measured simultaneously as functions of the irradiation time in the neighbourhood of the intrinsic region of conductivity. vs. irradiation time, and using the theory of thermoelectric power, the dependence of the thermoelectric power vs. time of irradiation has been calculated and compared with experiment. A good agreement has been found indicating the internal consistency of the theory of thermoelectric power and conductivity. Some evidence has also been found to support four the number of minima in the conduction band of germanium.
Asymptotic Properties and Zeros of the Forward Scattering Amplitude
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 197 (1963)
abstract
Starting from the well established agreement between the one subtracted ordinary dispersion relation and the experimental data we get the diffraction picture for the pion–nucleon toward scattering amplitude at very high energy. It is found that this amplitude \(T^{(1)}(\omega )\) has four or two zeros lying in the domain of analyticity of \(T^{(1)}(\omega )\).
About the Energy Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions in the Statistical Theory of Atom
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 205 (1963)
abstract
The purpose of this paper is to give an analytical formula for the energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions in case of an approximate Thomas–Fermi potential. The numerical results of the eigenvalues are compared with the exact Latter’s data. The accuracy of the approximate potential as well as the accuracy of the eigenfunctions is discussed in terms of the statistical theory of atom.
Semitransparent Metallic–Dielectric Mirrors with Low Absorption Coefficient in the Ultra-violet Region of the Spectrum (3200–2400 Å )
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 211 (1963)
abstract
A method of production and the results of measurements of the optical parameters (\(R\), \(T\) and \(A\)) of semitransparent metallic–dielectric mirrors of the Al–MgF\(_2\)–PbF\(_2\) type in the 3200–2400 Å are given. Absorption of mirrors of this type in the region mentioned was found to be several times smaller than that of aluminium mirrors. At the same time, such mirrors are less selective than all dielectric ones. Contrary to dielectric mirrors intended for the ultraviolet, their coefficient of reflection in the visible region presents the advantage of being such as to make possible the easy adjustment of a Fabry–Perot interferometer.
Luminescence of Aluminium Electrodes in the Process of \(AC\) Electrolytic Oxidation
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 215 (1963)
abstract
Investigation dealt with the luminescence of aluminium electrodes in the process of their electrolytic oxidation with the aid of \(AC\) current in electrolytes having the ability to dissolve the oxide. The spectral distribution of the luminescence investigated was found to depend on the electrolyte. Moreover, the formation current was found to affect the brightness wave. The results, which make it probable that the luminescence in question is of the nature of a chemiluminescence, are more readily explained on the basis of the electroluminescence mechanism rendered more plausible by the results of others.
On Some Possibilities of Determining the Spin of a “Negative Level”
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 221 (1963)
abstract
The attention of physicists concerned with neutron spectroscopy has from some time been attracted by the problem of “negative resonances”, i.e. neutron resonances of a “negative” energy.
Energy and Angular Distributions of the Neutrons from the Stripping Reaction \(^{12}\mathrm {C}(d,n)^{13}\mathrm {N}\)
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 225 (1963)
abstract
The angular distributions for some neutron energy groups from the \(^{12}\mathrm {C}(d,n)^{13}\mathrm {N}\) reaction have been measured for 15 angles from 0° till 161° in the centre of mass system. Three groups of neutrons, connected with the ground, first, and third excited states of the final \(^{13}\mathrm {N}\) nucleus have been resolved. The energy of the incident deuteron beam was (\(13.00\pm 0.16\)) MeV. Neutrons were registered by means of the nuclear emulsion technique. The absolute values of the differential cross-sections are given for the three neutron groups. The reduced widths of the corresponding \(^{13}\mathrm {N}\) levels were evaluated using the simple plane wave Butler–Born approximation. A comparison with data obtained by other authors is given.
On Hall’S Method of Bond Orders Calculation
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 235 (1963)
abstract
The Hall method of bond orders calculation without solving the eigenvector equation is generalized to cover molecules of the type \(MX_k\) and conjugated alternant radicals. It is shown that the method can be simplified if combined with the symmetry properties of a properly chosen subgroup of symmetry of the molecule.
On the Equivalence of Pauling’S Directed Bonds Theory, the Maximum Overlap Principle and the Molecular Orbital Method
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 243 (1963)
abstract
The general properties of the maximum overlap method and its relation to the directed bonds theory and the molecular orbital method were discussed. The maximum overlap method was applied to explain the experimentally observed differences in bond lengths in PCl\(_5\), SbCl\(_5\), SF\(_4\), ClF\(_3\), and also to explain semi-quantitatively the bond length-shortening in Cr(CO)\(_6\), Fe(CO)\(_5\), Ni(CO)\(_4\). Finally, a possibility of constructing best hybrid orbitals for excited states is shortly discussed.
Apparatus for the Production of Thin Dielectric and Metallic Layers with Optical Control of Thickness in the Visible and Ultra-violet Region
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 255 (1963)
Corona Stabilizer Tube with Regulated Voltage
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 263 (1963)
abstract
A new type of corona stabilizer tube is described, with wire-anode electrode configuration between two parallel plates to which a potential difference is applied. The additional electric field thus produced influences the starting voltage of the corona and makes possible, by means of varying the potential of one of the plates, to vary the stabilized potential continuously in a range of about 30stabilizer. The theoretical premises behind the operation of this stabilizer are given, together with the experimental dependence of the stabilized potential and incremental resistance on various geometric and electrical parameters.Fasc. 3, pages 279–407
Two-phase Ferroelectric Systems. II Ferroelectrics–silver
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 279 (1963)
abstract
In two previous papers (Leibler and Brański 1961, Leibler 1961) it has been found that the dielectric constant of dispersed systems (two-phase mixtures) increases with concentration of metal and that the metal admixture has an influence on the temperature dependent properties of the system and its aging. Further investigations concerned particularly the properties of the ferroelectric–silver system. The choice of silver as an admixture was caused by its technological properties. In spite of the fact that silver melts at 960°C, a lower temperature than the temperature of baking of the ferroelectric, it does not oxidate quickly and the necessity o baking in vacuum do not arises. This makes the technology of obtaining the specimens considerably simpler. It must be pointed out, however, that because silver quickly melts away from the specimens surfaces and the nature of ferroelectrics depends strongly upon the technological conditions (temperature gradients, speed of temperature changes; etc.) each of the obtained series is unrepeatable, and a full picture of the properties of the system may be obtained only from observation of many series.
Kinematical Properties of Deformed Nuclei and the Hill–Wheeler Integrals: I — The First Appoximation of the \(g_R\) Factor
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 287 (1963)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 23, 855 (1963)
abstract
The kinematical properties of deformed, intermediate, and heavy nuclei are studied by means of wave functions generated from the Hill–Wheeler integrals, using the Gaussian approximation. General formulae for the magnetic moment and the gp factor are obtained. Using the Nilsson potential with pair-correlation interaction, numerical results to the first approximation are obtained for the \(g_R\) factor of nuclei with \(152 \leqslant A \leqslant 185\). The calculated \(g_R\) values are on the average about 35% larger than the experimental values. For an essential further improvement the next approximation would have to be taken into account.
A Method of Measuring the Fluorescence Emission Anisotropy of Phosphors
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 299 (1963)
abstract
A direct photoelectric method of measuring the emission anisotropy of fluorescence, when the latter accompanies phosphorescence of the same emission spectrum, is proposed, utilizing the fact that the lifetime in the state of fluorescence is much shorter than that in the state of phosphorescence, \(\tau _F \ll \tau _P\). On exciting the luminophor with light of amplitude modulated at period \(T_\mathrm {ex} (\tau _F \ll T_\mathrm {ex} \ll \tau _P)\), we obtain fluorescence light that is modulated too, whereas the phosphorescence presents a constant intensity. The optical system consists of an Arago compensator and rotating analyzer. The electronic device consists of a photomultiplier, resonance amplifier, diode detector, and current amplifier with galvanometer.
Compound Nucleus Influence on Coulomb Excitation
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 305 (1963)
abstract
In this paper the influence of nuclear forces on the Coulomb excitation is studied by taking into account the compound-nucleus formation. The compound nucleus contributes not only by adding a nuclear term to the transition amplitude but also by distorting the initial and final wave functions of the relative motion. These distorted waves appear in the Born approximation for the transition amplitude given by the electromagnetic interactions. The calculated interference terms between the electromagnetic and nuclear interactions represent more than 10 per cent in the 780 keV resonance cross-section of the proton collision on F\(^{19}\).
On Non-linear Light Scattering in Gases
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 321 (1963)
abstract
The present paper deals with non-linear scattering of light in gases, its intensity being given by an equation of the type \(I(F) = I_0+I_2F^2+ \dots \) , wherein \(I_0\) determines the intensity of free light scattering (at \(F = 0\)) and \(I_2\) accounts for the first perturbation of the scattered light as due to a strong external electric or magnetic field and to the oscillating electric field of the intense incident light beam. It is proved on the example of a gas consisting of axially symmetric molecules that, according to whether \(F\) is an external electric field \(E\) or magnetic field \(H\), the quantity \(I_2\) is expressed by means of the Kerr constant or Cotton–Mouton constant. In the case of light scattering by a light beam of very great intensity, \(I_2\) is expressed by means of Buckingham’s constant. From the equation for \(I(F)\), expressions for Rayleigh’s ratio \(S\) and the depolarization ratio \(D\) are derived, discussed for some special cases, and evaluated numerically for several gases.
Superstructural Anisotropy of the Spin Wave Dispersion in Antiferromagnetics. Part II: Application to the Existence Problem of Superstructures
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 333 (1963)
abstract
The anisotropic dispersion relation for long spin waves in antiferromagnetics, derived by the author in the Part I (Acta phys. Polon. 20, 591 (1961)), is applied in this paper to examine the problem of existence range (the scope of stability) of individual regular superstructures from the point of view of the spin wave propagation. The new treatment leads to a simple discussion of the quadrics of tensor \(M\) governing the spin wave dispersion. The main theorem as well as some auxiliary rules are derived mathematically from some evident assumptions. The investigation is carried out for cubic lattices with direction-independent exchange integrals, which excludes the influence of anisotropic structure as well as of anisotropic exchange integrals upon the spin wave dispersion. The discussion is interpreted graphically on the plane of variables \(J_n\) and \(J_s\) (exchange integrals for nearest and second neighbours respectively). The results obtained by neglecting the magnetic anisotropy energy cover exactly these ones which have been obtained by the molecular field approach as well as by the Gersch–Koehler treatment. By taking into account the magnetic anisotropy terms, the ranges of existence become somewhat smaller (by about one percent for the usual values of exchange integrals); consequently, the existence domains of individual superstructures are separated by very narrow “no man’s” zones.
Einfluss des äusseren vertikalen Magnetfeldes auf die Elementarbezirke im einachsigen Ferromagnetikum I. Feldrichtung parallel zu den Blochwänden
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 363 (1963)
abstract
Es wird der Einfluss eines äusseren Magnetfeldes auf die Elementarbezirke im einachsigen ferromagnetischen Einkristall untersucht. Die Feldrichtung ist senkrecht zu der magnetisch bevorzugten Richtung und parallel zu den inneren Blochwänden, wenn die Landau–Lifschitzsche Schichtenstruktur vorausgesetzt wird. Der Einfluss der Randbezirke wird vernachlässigt. Es wird bewiesen, dass das anwachsende Magnetfeld die elementaren Innenbezirke allmählich in seiner Richtung magnetisiert, bis vollkommene Sättigung erreicht wird. Auch die Magnetisierungskurve wird abgeleitet.
Упругое рассеяние тяжелых ионов в квазиклассическом приближении
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 375 (1963)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 23, 856 (1963)
abstract
Paccмoтpeнo упругое рассеяние тяжёлых ионов на ядрах в квазиклассическом приближении. Найден оптимальный набор параметров ядерного взаимодействия, который соответствует хорошему согласию с экспериментом и является общим для мнoгих случаев. Показано‚ чтo при упругом рассеянии тяжёлых ионов, обладающих болышим зарядом, на тяжёлых ядрах можно обнаружить эффект динамической деформации.
Open Electronic Orbits in a Magnetic Field for the Case of Fermi Surfaces in the Form of a Net
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 383 (1963)
abstract
Fermi surfaces in the form of a net are considered. Directions of the magnetic field for which there are open orbits are found. Besides the compact part of the directions of the magnetic field, there are special directions giving rise to open orbits, but then the latter are periodic. All these directions are represented on figures for different shapes of the elementary meshes of the net.
Investigation of the Dielectric Properties of Lead Zirconate
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 397 (1963)
abstract
The effect of ageing, of a strong external \(DC\) electric field, of the measuring current frequency and of irradiation with fast and slow neutrons on the dielectric properties of PbZrO samples was investigated.
Anomalous Delay Effect in Polycrystalline \(\mathrm {BaTiO}_3\)
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 407 (1963)
Fasc. 4, pages 415–527
On the Theory of (\(\gamma ,d\)) Reactions
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 415 (1963)
abstract
Starting from the Independent Pair Model for the nucleus it is shown that main contribution to the (\(\gamma , d\)) reaction is given by the certain two stage process. It is shown furthermore that this reaction strongly depends on the angular momentum of the pair involved in the process and some suggestions concerning the influence of this dependence on the angular distributions are given.
Point Air-flow Counter as an Exo-electron Detector
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 431 (1963)
abstract
The possibility of using a point air-flow counter for the detection of exo-electrons was investigated. If vapours of some liquids flow through the counter, the counter reacts to electrons and negative ions with large pulses (\(\sim 2\) V) for a relatively small operating voltage (\(\sim 2500\) V). The following liquids were investigated: ethyl alcohol, \(n\)-propyl alcohol, \(n\)-butyl alcohol, and dioxane.
Equations for the Reduced Distribution Functions of a Mixture of Particles
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 439 (1963)
abstract
Equations for the reduced distribution functions of a mixture of particles of different kinds are derived on the basis of the Bogolyubov method. Two cases of equations have been considered: the equation for reduced distribution function of one kind of particles and the equation for reduced distribution function of a mixture of two kinds of particles.
Determination of Dislocation Distribution and Density with the Oscillating Film Spectrograph
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 443 (1963)
abstract
The dislocation distribution and density in deformed and non-deformed germanium crystals are determined. In the case of crystals presenting a continuous dislocation distribution, the surface element distribution functions computed from the experimental data are compared with those predicted theoretically, making possible to evaluate the amount of excess dislocations of one sign and thus to reduce very considerably the error in determining the dislocation density. For crystals containing large blocks separated by low-angle boundaries, the angles between the blocks, the latters’ sizes, and the dislocation density within them are determined.
Intrinsic Contribution to the Ferromagnetic Resonance Line-width at High Temperatures
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 469 (1963)
abstract
The damping of the ferromagnetic resonance line determined by mutual spin interactions is considered. The spin interactions Hamiltonian contains anisotropic part of a dipolar type. The calculations are performed with a truncated Hamiltonian, commuting with the \(z\)-component of total spin of the system and determining the main ferromagnetic resonance absorption line. The role of neglected terms, leading to the satellite resonance lines is estimated. The dynamical susceptibility tensor is calculated using Green’s functions theory. Particular attention is paid to the high temperature region near the Curie point. The general expression for the line-width is given in terms of two static correlation parameters.
Determination of the Density of Liquids and Their Saturated Vapours as a Function of Temperature at Pressures Higher Than 1 ATM. PART III. Measurements with Hydrogen Sulphide
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 487 (1963)
abstract
The density of liquid hydrogen sulphide and its saturated vapour in dependence on temperature was measured. A modified method of Bennewitz and Windisch was applied. The critical density of hydrogen sulphide was also determined by extrapolation. The results are compared with the data previously reported in the literature.
Pressure Effects on Spectral Lines
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 493 (1963)
abstract
The problem is discussed of how the intensity distribution in a spectral line and its shift caused by the simultaneous action of several perturbing atoms (broadeners) can be calculated when the effect produced by a single broadener is known. This problem was already treated in an earlier paper, but the expression there obtained can hardly be used in its original form for practical calculations. It appears, however, that it can be simplified very considerably and brought to a shape well fitted to applications. However, its applicability is limited to those cases when pressure broadening theories based either on the elementary form of the Franck–Condon principle (statistical theories) or on its quantum-mechanical version can be reasonably applied (for further limitations, see the text).
Four-pion Wave Functions
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 501 (1963)
abstract
Following the same procedure as in the case of three pions, we can work out a complete set of orthonormal wave functions for four free pions. These wave functions describe systems of pions, which satisfy the Bose statistics and possess definite values of the total energy, the total angular momentum, and the parity in the center of mass system in the non-relativistic approximation, as well as a definite total isospin and a definite charge parity when the system is neutral. The procedure of construction of this set of wave functions is described in detail and their explicit expressions are given up to \({\mit \Lambda } = 3\), and the number of these eigenstates are listed up to \({\mit \Lambda } = 5\), where \({\mit \Lambda }\) is the “effective angular momentum”.
On the Theory of Helical Waveguides, I
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 527 (1963)
abstract
General field expressions are derived and boundary conditions discussed in detail for a tape helix and its degenerate forms. A formulation of boundary conditions, adequate to analysis by asymptotic methods, is presented. Finally the behaviour of field quantities near the tape edges is investigated. The paper is intended to supply the reference matter necessary in the method of solving the helix problem to be presented in Part II.Fasc. 5, pages 543–657
Ground-state Equilibrium Deformations of Nonstable Nuclei in the Transuranic Region
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 543 (1963)
abstract
Previous calculations of the equilibrium quadrupole moments and deformations in the transuranic region (Szymanski 1961) are extended to the whole region of unstable nuclei with \(84 \leqslant Z \leqslant 100\) and \(130 \leqslant N \leqslant 152\).
Molecular Field Treatment of Some Antiferromagnetic Superstructures in a Body-centred Cubic Lattice
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 553 (1963)
abstract
The present paper contains the results of investigations of all the superstructures of \(bcc\) lattices, known to the author, to which molecular field method can be applied. The general dependence of the Néel temperature upon the numbers of unlike neighbours for the first and second neighbourhood is given. The discussion made for all combinations of signs of exchange integrals for first and second-nearest neighbour interactions shows a possibility of appearing of three orders only; ferromagnetic, natural and non-symmetric isotropic.
The CDD Poles and the Agreement of a Solution of the Low Equation with the Experimental Results
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 557 (1963)
abstract
In this paper we draw attention to the Castillejo, Dalitz, Dyson poles (CDD poles) that seem to be responsible for the disagreement of the Chew–Low theory of pion–proton scattering and experiments in the higher energy region. After the study of possible causes of this discrepancy we will show that a CDD pole enables us to remove it up to 670 MeV in the case of \(\pi ^+\)–\(p\) scattering.
O разрушении сверхпроводимости током
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 567 (1963)
abstract
Измeрялся ход сопротивления цилиндрических образцов олова в промежуточнoм состоянии в зависимости от тока, разрушающего сверхпроводимость. Мeтoдoм ферромагнитного порошка определялась структура промежуточного состояния цилиндра с токoм, помещенного в поперечное магнитное поле. Измерения подтвердили лондоновскую схему промежуточного состояния цилиндра с токoм. Установлено, чтo наблюдаемое на опыте отличие величины сопротивления при критическом токе от теоретического значения 0,5 \(R_n\) (\(R_n\) — сопротивление в полностью нормальном состoянии) вызвано нагревом образца относительно гелиевой ванны. Пoвeрхнocтнoe натяжение между cвeрхпpoвoдящeй и нopмaльнoй фазами и рассеяние электронов проводимости на границах фаз не играет заметной роли для зависимости сопротивления от тока.
Reversible Decolorization of Rhodamine \(B\) Solutions Due to Changes in the pH and Polarity of the Medium
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 581 (1963)
abstract
Investigation of rhodamine \(B\) absorption spectra in solutions of various polarity confirmed the assumptions predicting co-existence therein of coloured and neutral molecules for dyes belonging to the xanthene group, and a strong dependence of the equilibrium between these molecule forms upon general dye-medium interaction. Absorption of such solutions in the visible range is due to the neutral di-polar ion. From the \(pH\)-dependence of the absorption spectra in aqueous solutions, it can be concluded that only a univalent complex cation exists in solution within a very wide range of \(pH\) values (from about 1 to 8). In strongly acidified media, this ion undergoes decolorizing hydration. Beyond \(pH = 9\), it goes over into a univalent colourless anion by way of a tinted neutral di-polar ion.
On the Dependence of Radioluminescence Efficiency on the Average Molecular Weight of Polystyrene Scintillators
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 589 (1963)
abstract
Measurements cover the dependence of the relative technical efficiency of radioluminescence of polystyrene scintillators on the average molecular weight of the polymer. Since luminophors were found to affect the polymerization process, only the intrinsic viscosities to which the average molecular weight of the plastic mass is proportional are given. Radioluminescence efficiency was found to rise with decreasing intrinsic viscosity; this is explained by an increase in energy efficiency of the luminescence of polystyrene as the latter’s average molecular weight decreases.
Paramagnetic Susceptibility of Ferrimagnetic and Antiferrimagnetic Systems. I. General Part
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 601 (1963)
abstract
The temperature dependence of the paramagnetic susceptibility for ferrimagnetic and antiferrimagnetic substances is derived by means of the series expansion method in the form given by Rushbrooke and Wood. The expressions for the susceptibility \(\chi \) and its inverse \(\chi ^{-1}\) are represented as a power series of the reciprocal absolute temperature. Explicit formulae for the first three leading coefficients are given which hold for any crystal containing two types of magnetic atoms with arbitrary spin; three kinds of exchange interactions are allowed.
Ionization Measurements on Very Steep Tracks of Singly Charged Fast Particles in Nuclear Emulsion
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 613 (1963)
abstract
The method is described which allows to measure ionization on very steep tracks of single charged fast particles in nuclear emulsion.
Elastic Scattering of 12.8 MeV Deuterons on Some Light Nuclei
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 619 (1963)
abstract
Angular distribution for elastic scattering of 12.8 MeV deuterons on Be, C, Mg and Ca nuclei have been measured at 5° intervals for angles from 15° to 145° (LAB) by means of a counter telescope. In all cases the measured angular distributions show a pronounced diffraction pattern. A smooth variation of positions of the maxima in differential cross-section curves with mass number can be noticed. The third maximum vanishes in the regions of C and Ca.
The Relativistic Gas in the Gravitational Field
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 629 (1963)
abstract
The Boltzmann kinetic equation is established for the rarefied relativistic gas in the gravitational field with smallest restrictions on the topological structure of the space-time manifold. The equation of change of molecular properties is obtained. It is proved that the divergences of the numerical flux vector and the energy-momentum tensor equal zero. It is also proved that the divergence of the flux vector of the entropy is non-negative (\(H\)-theorem). The principle of the detailed balancing for the relativistic gas in the equilibrium state is considered.
Generalized Tetrad Formulation of General Relativity Theory (G.R.T.)
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 647 (1963)
The Orientability of the Physical Tetrad in Relativistic Electrodynamics
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 655 (1963)
Fluorine Spin–Lattice Relaxation in Liquid \(\mathrm {CF}_2\mathrm {Cl}_2\)
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 657 (1963)
abstract
The fluorine spin-lattice relaxation time \(T_1\) at 28 Mc/sec was measured for pure \(\mathrm {CF}_2\mathrm {Cl}_2\) in liquid state from \(-\)90°C up to the critical temperature 112° C and in gaseous state just above the critical temperature. The observed \(T_1\) values decrease strongly with increasing temperature. This behaviour can be explained as due to the spin-rotational interaction.Fasc. 6, pages 663–856
Измерение удельного сопротивлениа нитевидных монокристаллов (Whiskers) меди b зависимости от температуры
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 663 (1963)
abstract
Произведены систематические измерения удельного сопротивления нитевидных монокристаллов меди в зависимости от температуры в диапазоне от комнатной температуры до температуры жидкого азота. Совершены аналогичные сравнительные измерения поликристаллических проволочек меди о диаметрах сближённых к диаметрам исследуемых медных усиков. Определено остаточное сопротивление избранного образца усика меди при температуре жидкого гелия и сравнено его \(\mathrm {R}_{273,2°\mathrm {K}}/\mathrm {R}_{4,2°\mathrm {K}}\) учитывая масштабный эффект, с приводимым в литературе \(\mathrm {R}_{273,2°\mathrm {K}}/\mathrm {R}_{4,2°\mathrm {K}}\) для массивной меди.
Symmetrical Form of Dirac Matrices in General Relativity
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 673 (1963)
abstract
A special form of the matrices \(\gamma _\mu \) is investigated which is very convenient for arbitrary metric \(\gamma _{\mu \nu }\) is invariant under the group of general coordinate transformations and under a subgroup of spinor transformations which are regarded as independent from coordinate transformations. This form is very useful for proving the equivalence of Vierbein and two-component spinor formalism. The explicit formulae for the elements of \(\gamma _\mu \), \(\sigma _\mu \), and \(\tau _\mu \) arc given in terms of the \(g_{\mu \nu }\) in a compact form.
Absorption Anisotropy of Some Organophosphors
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 685 (1963)
abstract
Absorption anisotropy of dyes adsorbed in cellophane foils and the absorption spectra of their solutions in collodion at 20°C and at \(-\)110°C were investigated. The investigations were carried out on following dyes: alkali blue, methyl orange, auramine, acridine yellow and toluidine blue. Conclusions concerning the orientation of the dye molecule in the absorbent are drawn out.
The Observation of Excitons in CdTe and CdSe in the Reflection Spectra
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 695 (1963)
abstract
The reflectivity of CdTe and CdSe single crystals were measured at room and liquid nitrogen temperatures. Peaks in the reflection spectra connected with excitons in both materials were observed. The results are in agreement with the accepted structure of the valence bands. The energy of direct transitions and spin–orbit splitting of the valence band in CdTe were measured.
On the Continuity of the Petrov Classification
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 699 (1963)
abstract
The following theorem is proved: If the Weyl tensor is continuous at a point \(P\), then in some neighbourhood of this point the Weyl tensor is not more special (in the sense of Penrose’s diagram) than at the point \(P\).
Der Einfluss der Lösungsmittelmischung auf die Absorptions — und Fluoreszenzspektren von Farbstoffen
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 705 (1963)
abstract
Es wird der Einfluss der Lösungsmittelmischung, die aus Monomethylmethakrylat (MAM) und Äthanol besteht, auf das Absorptions — und Fluoreszenzspektrum von gelbliches Eosin (I) und Rhodamin \(B\) (II) untersucht. Die Absorptions — und Fluoreszenzbanden von I werden kurzwellig mit dem Mischungsverhältnis (mit steigender — Dielektrizitätskonstante) verschoben. Der Übergang vom Äthanol — MAM — Gemisch zum reinem Äthanol bringt entgegengesetzte Fluoreszenz — Verschiebungen von I und II. In einem Äthanol — MAM — Gemisch kann eine gewisse Nähordnung von Lösungsmitteln eintreten, indem sich der Farbstoff zunächst mit dem ihm verwandteren Lösungsmittel umgibt und als eine Art Solvatkomplex im zweiten Lösungsmittel verteilt. Die Wechselwirkung zwischen Lösungsmitteln und gelöster Substanz kann die Energieniveaus der Grund — und Anregungszustände verändern, so dass es zu Verminderungen oder Vergrösserungen der Anregungsenergien kommt.
On the Dielectric Corona Motor
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 715 (1963)
abstract
The operation conditions of a new type of electric motor with metal points and with rotor made of organic glass were investigated. The rotation frequency of the rotor was found to depend on the voltage applied to the points. Certain factors were investigated qualitatively as to their effect upon operation of the motor, such as the diameter of the rotor, the array and polarization of the points, the temperature, and so forth. Polarization of the rotor was found to affect the frequency strongly.
Beugungswellen verschiedener Felder im Falle beliebiger einfallender Wellen
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 727 (1963)
abstract
Miyamoto und Wolf haben einen Ausdruck für die Beugungswelle der dreidimensionalen Schwingungsgleichung \(\Delta u+k^2u = 0\) im Falle einer beliebigen einfallenden Welle angegeben. Sie haben dies mit Hilfe des Vektorpotentials eines quellenfreien Vektorfeldes durchgeführt, das für das Helmholtz–Huygenssche Prinzip von grundlegender Bedeutung ist. Im folgenden werden ihre Überlegungen für andere für die Physik und Mathematik wichtigen Felder verallgemeinert. Da bereits schon frither der elektromagnetische Fall erledigt wurde, werden im folgenden die nachstehenden fünf Felder behandelt: (1) zweidimensionale Schwingungsgleichung, (2) dreidimensionale Wellengleichung, (3) feldfreie Diracsche Elektronenwellen, (4) drei- und zweidimensionale Potentialtheorie, (5) analytische Funktionen.
Use of the Projection in Solving the Variational Problems
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 745 (1963)
abstract
Some general relations between solutions of the variational problems \(\delta \langle {\mit \Psi }, \hat {H}{\mit \Psi }\rangle = 0\) are discussed. These solutions obey two different subsidiary conditions: (i) \(\hat {N}{\mit \Psi } = N_0{\mit \Psi }\), (ii) \(\langle {\mit \Psi }, \hat {N}{\mit \Psi }\rangle = N_0\), where the operator \(\hat {N}\) is proposed to commute with \(\hat {M}\). The role of the operator, which projects \({\mit \Psi }\) on the space of functions obeying (i), is investigated. It is shown that the usage of the projecting operator is equivalent to finding a solution of the variational problem among a new, extended set of functions.
Differentiale der Vergrösserung eines beliebigen optischen Systems
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 751 (1963)
abstract
In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Differentiale der Vergrösserung eines beliebigen optischen Systems nach seinen Konstruktionselementen, Radien, Dicken, Abständen, Brechzahlen untersucht. Zuerst wird der Fall der konstanten Gegenstandlage untersucht, dann der Fall des konstanten Gegenstand-Bild Abstandes. Differentialformeln werden angewendet für Systeme, deren Justierung mit Änderung eines Abstandes erfolgt. Im Anschluss an meine Untersuchungen über Differentiale der Brennweite und Schnittweiten eines beliebigen optischen Systems möchte ich mich mit Differentialformeln für die laterale Vergrösserung befassen. Es werde im weiteren angenommen, dass die optischen Grundgrössen des betrachteten Systems und Differentiale der Brennweite und Schnittweiten bekannt sind.
Cross Sections for Strange Particle Production II
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 765 (1963)
abstract
The cross sections for the production of strange particles in the antinucleon annihilation and in \(\pi \)–\(N\) interactions in the energy region \(E \leqslant 3\) BeV have been calculated. The resonance interactions of the producing particles are taken into account. The effective constants of the strange particle production have been estimated. The multiple pion production has been also treated for the case of the antinucleon annihilation. It has been shown that all the experimental data may be explained if the resonance pion–pion interactions are taken into account.
Statistical and Thermodynamical Description of Correlated Systems. III. Equilibrium and Stationary Distributions
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 773 (1963)
abstract
The time-independent distributions of correlated systems are given. The entire isolated system \([U]\) is found to be distributed microcanonically in equilibrium. The interacted subsystems \([U^1]\) and \([U^2]\) forming \([U]\) are distributed grandcanonically in equilibrium. The non-isolated system \([U^1]\) being in a stationary state has also grand-canonical distribution of probabilities. The more defined physical meaning of weak and strong type of correlations between subsystems is obtained.
On the Transport Theory for Semiconductors with Warped Energy Surfaces
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 783 (1963)
abstract
All components of the transport tensors for free carriers in a d.c. external magnetic field are calculated for the case of slightly warped energy surfaces. The principle of calculation is based McClure’s method, which assumes the existence of a relaxation time and closed energy surfaces. The results can be applied not only to magnetoconductivity, but also to thermal conductivity and thermoelectricity. No limitation was prescribed to the magnitude of the magnetic field and the frequency of the electric field.
Isotope Shift in the Ultraviolet Lines of Zn II
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 795 (1963)
abstract
Isotope shift between even \(^{64}\)Zn, \(^{66}\)Zn, and \(^{68}\)Zn zinc isotopes was investigated on the three ultraviolet lines of Zn II \(\lambda \)2570.72 Å (\(3d^94s^2\,^2D_{5/2}\)–\(3d^{10}5p\, ^2P^0_{3/2}\)), \(\lambda \)2763.88 Å (\(3d^94s^2\,^2D_{3/2}\)–\(3d^{10}5p\,^2P^0_{3/2}\)) and \(\lambda \)2782.83 Å (\(3d^94s^2\,^2D_{3/2}\)–\(3d^{10}5p^2\,P^0_{1/2}\)), using a Schüler type hollow cathode lamp cooled with liquid nitrogen and a Fabry–Perot interferometer with multi-layer dielectric and metallic-dielectric mirrors. In all three lines considerable isotope shifts were found, each amounting to about 115 mK between neighbouring even isotopes. Accordingly, a new scheme of isotope shifts on the respective energy levels of Zn II is discussed.
Long Time Behaviour of the Response Function
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 801 (1963)
abstract
The long time behaviour of the response function if discussed and an extension of Saito’s theory of irreversibility is suggested. An exact expression for the response function of a model system is derived and discussed in order to illustrate the argument.
Über den Einfluss des Lösungsmittels auf die Elektronenspektren von Popop
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 811 (1963)
abstract
Es wird der Einfluss des Lösungsmittels auf die Elektronenspektren von 1,4–bis 2-(5- Phenylooksasolilo)-Benzol (POPOP) untersucht. Auf Grund der Vergleichung der experimentellen Messungen mit der Theorie des Einflusses von Lösungsmittel auf die Elektronenspektren der gelösten Moleküle, wurde geschlossen, dass Grund- und Anregungszustand von POPOP etwa das gleiche Dipolmoment haben.
Sur la diffusion de la lumière en présence d’un champ intense, électrique ou magnétique
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 819 (1963)
abstract
Une équation générale pour l’intensité de la lumière diffusée par un milieu isotrope arbitraire placé dans un champ électrique ou magnétique intense est dérivée à partir de l’électrodynamique classique et de la mécanique statistique, conduisant à une formule générale pour le degré de dépolarisation. Une discussion de celle-ci est donnée pour le cas des gaz et des liquides composés de molécules présentant en général l’anisotropie optique, électrique et magnétique et dont les dimensions linéaires sont petites par rapport à la longueur d’onde de la lumière. On démontre que l’étude de l’effet d’un champ électrique ou magnétique sur la diffusion de la lumière par les gaz peut fournir des informations directes sur l’anisotropie de la polarisabilité électrique ou magnétique de la molécule isolée, ou sur son hyperpolarisabilité. Dans les liquides, ces effets dépendent en grande partie des corrélations angulaires intermoléculaires. Des évaluations numériques qui établissent les effets à prévoir dans les expériences sont données.
Further Measurements of the Angular Distribution of Fast Neutrons Elastically Scattered on Ca
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 843 (1963)
abstract
Earlier measurements of the angular distribution of neutrons elastically scattered on Ca were extended to neutrons in the 3–4 MeV energy range. The results suggest that the contribution of direct interactions increases with energy.ERRATA
Der Abbildungskontrast (Teil I)
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 853 (1963)
Kinematical Properties of Deformed Nuclei and the Hill–Wheeler Integrals: I — The First Appoximation of the \(g_R\) Factor
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 855 (1963)
Influence of Neutral Salts on the Photoluminescence
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 856 (1963)
Упругое рассеяние тяжелых ионов в квазиклассическом приближении
Acta Phys. Pol. 23, 856 (1963)