Vol. XXXIV (1968)
Fasc. 1, pages 3–189
Some Models of a Superconductor with Anisotropic Energy Gap
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 3 (1968)
abstract
For the anisotropic mixture of the \(p\)- and \(s\)-relative wave pairs the solution of the gap equations are obtained. Such system has, at the absolute zero temperature, the nonvanishing static spin susceptibility.
The Electrodynamics of Superconductors with \(P\)-pairing and the Collective Excitations
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 11 (1968)
abstract
In the paper the transversal part of the polarization operator for a superconductor with \(P\)-pairing and with an isotropic energy gap is calculated. The result gives the surface impedance of a superconducting metal and is applied to the problem of absorption peaks within the energy gap in mercury. There is an interesting difference between the obtained results and the results for a system with \(S\)-pairing. The method applied is that of a superconducting Fermi liquid.
Erzeugende Funktionale und Funktionale Bewegungsgleichungen in der Klassischen und Quantenmechanischen Nichtgleichgewichts-Statistik
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 25 (1968)
abstract
Eine von der Prigogine/Balescu-Technik verschiedene Störungsentwicklung der von Neumann bzw. Liouville-Gleichung wird angegeben. Dazu werden die (reduzierten) Dichtematrizen bzw. Dichtefunktionen zu erzeugenden Funktionalen zusammengefaßt. Deren Bewegungsgleichungen werden mittels S-Matrix-Theorie und durch Ursell/Mayer-Entwicklung der Anfangsfunktionale gelöst. Das Ergebnis ist eine Entwicklung der Korrelationen zur Endzeit nach der Teilchenwechselwirkung und nach den Anfangskorrelationen.
Mean Amplitudes of Vibration for the Cubic \(XY_8\) Molecules
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 41 (1968)
abstract
On the basis of symmetry considerations a method has been developed for the determination of mean-square amplitudes of vibration for the cubic \(XY_8\) molecules possessing an octahedral symmetry. Analytical expressions for the symmetrized mean-square amplitude matrices have been derived. In addition, analytical expressions for the mean-square amplitude quantities in terms of the symmetrized mean-square amplitude matrices have been derived for the nonbonded atom pairs. The secular equations in terms of the mean-square amplitude quantities, kinetic energy matrices, and potential energy constants have been presented for the evaluation of normal frequencies.
Высокоэнергетическое приближение в рассеянии частиц на ядрах
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 49 (1968)
abstract
В высокоэнергетическом приближении \(\left (\frac {|\bar {V}|}{E}\ll 1\right )\) решается уравнение Дирака с оптическим потенциалом \(\bar {V}=V+iW\). С помощью найденных функций строятся амплитуды рассеяния и рассчитываются дифференциальные сечения как для малых \(\vartheta \lt (kR)^{-1}\), так и для больших \(\vartheta \gt (kR)^{-1}\) углов рассеяния. В частности, когда поглощение отсутствует (\(W= 0\)), а массой частицы можно пренебречь (\(М\ll Е\)), получаются известные результаты для рассеяния электронов на ядрах. Получены также соответствующие формулы для нерелятивистского случая, если \(|\bar {V}|\ll E_{кuн}\ll M\).
The Effect of Pre-stimulation by Ultraviolet Rays and Electron Bombardment on Exoelectron Emission from Plastically Deformed Aluminium
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 63 (1968)
abstract
The emission of electrons from deformed aluminium in vacuum had been studied after pre-stimulation of the oxide layer coating the samples by (a) ultraviolet irradiation, or (b) electron bombardment with simultaneous ultraviolet irradiation. Photostimulated electron emission was found to appear with both kinds of stimulation, even before deformation of the sample. In the case of ultraviolet stimulation alone (60 seconds before the measurement) there was also exoelectron emission in the dark. It was found that after ultraviolet stimulation, when deformation is begun after the post-emission decays to background level, there is a violent rise in photostimulated electron emission already at deformations of approximately one per cent. At deformations of a value of about three per cent the emission intensity reaches maximum value, then drops slightly, and rises again until disruption of the sample …
Development of Partition Function in Boltzmann Distribution. III. \(T\)-Chains and \(W\)-Rings
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 79 (1968)
abstract
Partial summations of the diagrammatic structures called \(T\)-chains and \(W\)-rings are performed and the formulas giving the number of topologically different structures of \(n\)-th order in perturbation are found. The results obtained will be useful in the next part of this work in the summations of all the leading terms into the expression for the quantum-partition function in the Boltzmann approximation.
Development of Partition Function in Boltzmann Distribution IV. Summation of Leading Diagrams
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 91 (1968)
abstract
Summations of all the leading (in the discussed expansion, cf. preceding parts) terms to infinite order in interactions are performed and the expression for the partition function \(Z\) of a system of interacting particles is obtained. The most important feature of the obtained result is that \(\ln Z\) calculated thus exhibits explicitly some singularities as a function of temperature and volume of the system. It is however still an open question whether these singularities can be interpreted as corresponding to the first-order phase transitions.
Influence of Temperature on Photostimulated (Exo)emission of Electrons from Plastically Deformed Aluminium in Vacuum
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 101 (1968)
abstract
Photostimulated (exo)emission of electrons into vacuum from plastically deformed aluminium has been investigated in the temperature range 290°K to 450°K. The following factors have been found to be influenced by the temperature: (a) initial strain value — \(\varepsilon _0\), (b) kinetics of emission increase during deformation \(\frac {N}{t}(\varepsilon )\), (c) emission decay after stopping the deformation \(\frac {N}{t}(t)\). The observed temperatuie influence has been explained on the basis of the electrified fissure model presented in previous papers (Gieroszyński, Mader and Sujak 1964; Sujak, Gieroszyński and Pega 1965). It has been found that the effective electric field strength in the fissure \(E_0\) decreases with the increase in the temperature of the sample. Thus there is a change in the conditions for the escape of electrons outside.
Coercivity Anisotropy of Tri- and Quadri-axial Ferromagnetic Single Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 111 (1968)
abstract
A function is derived for the description of the coercivity anisotropy of a single crystal, in the simplest case when the effect of lattice distortions on the changes in the domain structure geometry near the coercivity point can be neglected. The obtained function has properties which result from numerous coercivity anisotropy measurements of single crystals of the iron and nickel types.
Modification of Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution by Intermolecular Interactions — Quasi-Ideal Approximation
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 119 (1968)
abstract
The average occupation numbers \(\langle N\)(p)\(\rangle \) of the one-particle momentum eigenstates p are calculated for a system of interacting particles being under normal physsicochemical conditions. Thus the Boltzmann approximation of ideal Fermi or Bose distributions is applied and the terms of perturbation development which are leading in this approximation are summed up to infinite order. The result obtained in such a way represents the one-particle Boltzmann distribution for interacting particles in the “quasi-ideal” approximation, in which the distribution of momenta remains the same as for an ideal gas, but the temperature dependence of the distribution is changed. This distribution, as a function of temperature, exhibits discontinuities which can perhaps be connected with phase transition points.
General Relativistic Fluid Spheres II. Solutions of the Equation for \(e^{-\lambda }\)
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 131 (1968)
abstract
New exact solutions of the gravitational field equations are derived. These solutions describe static and spherically symmetric distributions of a perfect fluid; they may prove useful in a model description of relativistic stars. In the first part of this paper (Kuchowicz 1968a) solutions have been derived in a way which started from some simple assumptions on the metric tensor component \(e^{-\lambda }\). Now similar procedure is developed with an initial assumption on the function \(e^{\nu }\).
\(^{19}\mathrm {F}\) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies in Glassy Thermophosphate
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 141 (1968)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 36, 1121 (1969)
abstract
In the glassy thermophosphate, composed of fluorapatite and calcium metasilicate, a resonance absorption line was found for \(^{19}\mathrm {F}\) nuclei which corresponds to a polycrystalline model of the fluorapatite.
Electroluminescence of Silver Halides at Low Temperatures
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 147 (1968)
abstract
Electroluminescence of silver halides crystals and thin foils was investigated. The microscopic observations of electroluminescence and silver inclusions were carried out for the crystals studied. The measurements of brightness vs. voltage for the segment of fixed emitting line and for a complete cell were carried out. The oscillograms of the light peaks on voltage of silver halides crystals and thin foils were studied by excitation with sinusoidal voltages and rectangular pulses. The results obtained lead to the conclusion that the electroluminescence of silver halides is due to the silver inclusions. The shape of the brightness waves can be explained on ground of Fischer’s and Maeda model with the assumption of a special kind of the emitting sharppointed lines.
Angular Correlations Between Pions in Ten-Prong \(\pi ^+-p\) Interactions at 8 GeV/\(c\) Primary \(\pi ^+\)-Momentum
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 159 (1968)
abstract
Strong angular correlations between pions have been found in the 10-prong \(\pi ^+-p\) interactions at 8 GeV/\(c\). The average opening angle of pion pair of like charges is smaller than that for pairs of unlike pions. This effect appears to be stronger in 10-prong interactions than in 8-prong interactions and much stronger than in 6-prong interactions at the same incoming momentum.
Determinatino of the Mobility of Natural Charge Carriers in Liquids
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 165 (1968)
abstract
Presented in this paper is a method of determining the mobility of natural charge carriers in liquids from the dependence of electric condution current on the rate of flow of a liquid through a measuring chamber, wherein the flow direction is perpendicular to the electric field lines. By way of illustration, the results obtained for \(\mathrm {C}_6\mathrm {H}_6\) and \(\mathrm {CCl}_4\) are given.
Low Energy Part of the a Particle Spectrum from Tripartition of \(^{235}\mathrm {U}\)
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 173 (1968)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 34, 1105 (1968)
abstract
Measurement of the low-energy part of the spectrum of \(\alpha \) particles emitted in thermal neutron fission of \(^{235}\mathrm {U}\) was performed with a telescope counter. The upper limit for the cross section of the \(^{235}\mathrm {U} (n, \alpha )^{232}\)Th reaction, was estimated to be 3 mb for the transition to the ground state and 2 mb for the transition to the excited state up to 5 MeV.
Boson Resonanges of Any Spin in \(\gamma \pi \)–\(\pi \pi \) and \(\gamma \pi \)–\(\gamma \pi \)
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 177 (1968)
abstract
We consider the exchange of boson resonances \(M^j\) of any (integer) spin \(j\geqslant 1\) in photoproduction of pions on pions and Compton scattering on pions.
Potential Barrier of 1,2-dichloroethane in Various Solvents
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 181 (1968)
abstract
Infrared spectrum of solutions of 1,2-dichloroethane in benzene, bromobenzene and carbon tetrachloride was measured at temperatures 18°C and 36°C. Solvents effect on the potential barrier of 1,2-dichloroethane have been investigated. The difference \(\Delta E\) between the minimum of rotation isomers energies is calculating and its correlation with the solvent structure and concentration of solution is discussing. The experimental results are compared with \(\Delta E\) calculated from the Onsager’s theory of dipolar liquids.
X-Ray Scattering in Liquid Nitrobenzene
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 185 (1968)
abstract
This paper contains an analysis of the angular distribution of monochromatic X-ray intensity scattered by liquid nitrobenzene. Radial electron density distributions \(\rho _m(R)\) are calculated by the method of Warren, Krutter and Morningstar.ERRATA
Relaxation of the Local Temperature of Luminescent Centres in Solutions
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 189 (1968)
Fasc. 2, pages 191–387
Non-dynamical Parity Tests for Bosons and Fermions
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 191 (1968)
abstract
In this paper some parity tests are established for bosons with spin 1 and fermions with spin \(s\), which undergo three body parity conserving decays of the type: \(1 \rightarrow 0+0+0,1 \rightarrow 1+0+0\) and \(s\rightarrow \frac {1}{2}+0+0\). These tests were obtained without any dynamical assumptions about the mechanism of decays of elementary particles. Only the principles of invariance which are satisfied by different types of interactions are assumed.
Electrical Conductivity of Para-polyphenyl and Its Oligomers
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 201 (1968)
abstract
Investigations of the dependence of D.C. current on voltage, temperature, time, sample thickness, and also the influence of the type of metal electrode used, were carried out for para-polyphenyl (p-PPh) and its three oligomers: p-terphenyl (p-TPh); p-quaterphenyl (p-QPh) and p-sexiphenyl (p-SPh). All the low molecular weight compounds were in the form of vacuum deposited layers, whereas p-PPh was of pressed-layer form. The discussion of the results contains an analysis of the voltage-current characteristics and provides arguments in favor of charge carrier injections from the electrodes into the investigated materials according to the theory of space charge limited currents in dielectrics taking into consideration distribution of trap levels previously determined.
Effect of Cobalt Content on Anisotropy Induced in Cobalt Ferrite
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 217 (1968)
Fonctions d’onde pour les particules avec le spin supérieur
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 223 (1968)
abstract
Dans cet article on donne les solutions d’onde plane pour les particules et les antiparticules avec le spin \(s \leqslant 2\), de masse au repos \(m_0\) finie, d’impulsion \(\vec {p}\) d’hélicité \(\lambda \), admettant des fonctions d’onde à \(2(2s+1)\) composantes.
La matrice covariante de polarisation des particules avec le spin 2
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 231 (1968)
abstract
On établie la matrice covariante de polarisation des particules avec le spin 2, et la masse de repos zéro et différente de zéro.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation Times of Water Adsorbed on Sugar Carbon
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 239 (1968)
abstract
The nuclear magnetic relaxation time for protons of water adsorbed on sugar carbon has been determined as a function of heat treatment temperature. The perpendicular and the transversal magnetization as a function of time show overlapping of more than one exponential curve. Making a separation as suggested by Zimmerman et al. [2], relaxation times are obtained which fall into groups. These groups correspond to maxima in the pore structure ranges. This shows that a very slow or even no exchange exists between water molecules in different pores and a fast exchange between molecules adsorbed on the pore surface and the other molecules present in the same pore.
Complex Higher-order Poles and Generalized Unstable Particles
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 247 (1968)
abstract
The generalization of Peierls description of unstable particles by means of complex poles of higher order is introduced. The restrictions on the parameters (the position of complex poles, the residua) following from the positive definite mass spectrum and two-particle unitarity condition are given. The generalized unstable particles can be used to described the resonances with much more arbitrary shape of the mass spectrum than the one given by the Weisskopf–Wigner formula. In particular, the shape can be unsymmetrical.
Absorption Spectra of 2,3-Dimethylnaphthalene Single Crystals in the Near Infrared
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 257 (1968)
abstract
Observed absorption bands are assigned on the basis of an analysis of the 2,3-DMN crystal’s spectrum in the fundamental region, Z. Tomczak et al. Acta Phys. Polon., in press. The 5500 to 6200 cm\(^{-1}\) spectral region, where the bands related to absorption of the \(\mathrm {CH}_3\) groups appear, is interpreted from the point of view of the ‘‘oriented gas” model, assuming that there is no interaction between the methyl groups. On the basis of this model the dichroic ratios of each type of vibration were calculated and compared with experimental values. The absorption bands appearing in the 4200 to 4500 cm\(^{-1}\) region, being combinations of bending and stretching vibrations, are interpreted by means of a correlation diagram, Z. Tomczak et al. , Acta Phys. Polon. in press, assuming that interactions between \(\mathrm {CH}_3\) groups are feasible. The results obtained are quite consistent with the conclusions of paper Z. Tomczak et al. , Acta Phys. Polon., in press, as regards the arrangement of 2,3-DMN moleccules in the crystal.
Relaxation and Spontaneous Polarization in PbZrO\(_3\)
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 267 (1968)
abstract
The values of three long-period components of relaxation polarization and the values: of spontaneous polarization was determined from the time curves of the discharge current in a polycrystalline PbZrO\(_3\) sample, and their temperature variations in the vicinity of the phase transformation region was examined. The temperature variations of relaxation and spontaneous polarizations proceed analogously to the previously studied variations of spontaneous current and conductivity. The values of activation energy were found from the temperature changes of polarization and they proves to be the same as those determined in the earlier work done by the author on variations of spontaneous current and conductivity (\(U_1 = 3\) eV for the range \(T \lt T_\mathrm {CII}\) and \(U_2 = 0.9\) for the range \(T \gt T_\mathrm {CI}\)). An attempt is made here also to interpret the phenomena under study.
The Influence of Dielectric Films(LiF AND CeO\(_2\)) on the Optical Properties of Indium and Aluminium Layers
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 277 (1968)
abstract
The influence of LiF and Ce\(_3\) dielectric films on the optical properties of indium and aluminium layers was investigated. Dielectric layers of thicknesses up to 500 Å cause an increase in the reflectance coefficient for the double layer (indium + dielectric) and a decrease in the reflection coefficient for the double layer (aluminium + dielectric) in comparison with metallic film. In the case of thick dielectric layers (several thousand Å ) interference phenomena in the dielectric laver as well as in the double layer were observed. The experimental results are explained by the phenomenological theory of thin films.
Ionization Currents in Hexane Induced by Corpuscular Radiation
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 285 (1968)
abstract
This paper, being a continuation of the earlier ones [1, 2], presents the last part of the experimental results treating the effect of the liquid’s temperature and the interelectrode spacings in the ionization chamber on the value of the measured current induced by \(\alpha \) or \(\beta \) particles.
On the Angular Correlations in Unique Muon Capture by Spin Targets
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 291 (1968)
abstract
The angular correlations in the process of muon capture by nonzero spin targets followed by gamma emission are considered in the case of unique allowed and forbidden transitions. The formulas for some exceptional interesting correlation constants are given. The experimental study of these correlations may serve as a very sensitive way to determine the magnitude of the induced pseudoscalar term.
Paramagnetic Resonance Absorption in Mixed Crystals of (Cu—Mn)SO\(_4\cdot 5\mathrm {H}_2\mathrm {O}\)
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 301 (1968)
abstract
Electron paramagnetic resonance absorption in mixed crystals of (Cu—Mn)SO\(_4\cdot 5\mathrm {H}_2\mathrm {O}\) in the poli- and monocrystalline form has been investigated at X band. In the mixed crystals singular resonance line is observed, line width and \(g\) factor of which takes values intermediate between ones characteristic for the copper and manganese sulphate pentahydrates. Adapting existing theories of the spin interactions to the case of two paramagnetic ions doped into the common crystal lattice the exchange energy value of the Cu\(^{2+}\) and Mn\(^{2+}\) ions is found.
Magnetic Properties of Superconducting Indium–Lead Alloys
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 311 (1968)
abstract
The magnetic moment of superconducting In–Pb alloys has been measured as a function of external magnetic field. The concentration and temperature dependence of the parameter has been derived from these measurements and compared with theoretical predictions.
Mean Amplitudes of Vibration for an \(X_2Y_2\) Molecular Model with \(C_{2\nu }\) Symmetry: Application to cis-Difluorodiazine
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 319 (1968)
abstract
A method has been developed for the determination of the mean-square amplitudes of vibration for an \(X_2Y_2\) molecular model with \(C_{2\nu }\) symmetry using the symmetry coordinates. Analytical expressions for the various mean-square amplitude quantities in terms of the symmetrized mean-square amplitude matrices have been derived. The method has been applied to cis-difluorodiazine for the determination of mean amplitudes of vibration for both bonded and nonbonded atom pairs at the room temperature from the observed Raman and infrared fundamental frequencies as well as molecular structural data. In addition to these, molar thermodynamic functions have also been computed on the assumption of a rigid rotator, harmonic oscillator model for the temperature range 200—2000°K. A brief discussion of the results on the chemical significance of the two characteristic bonds has been given with special reference to the respective bonds in other related molecules having similar chemical bonds.
Influence of Crystal Thickness on Remanent Domain Structures in Cobalt. I. Wedge-shaped Single Crystal
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 327 (1968)
abstract
By employing the powder-pattern technique, the influence of the crystal thickness in the magnetically preferred direction on the regular remanent domain structures in cobalt has been examined and the dependence of the domain width \(D\) on the crystal thickness \(T\) determined. The sample was a wedge-shaped single crystal, the dimensions in the crystallographic directions [\(0\bar {1}10\)] and [\(\bar {2}110\)] being respectively 4 mm and 9 mm, and the crystal thickness in the direction [0001] decreasing along the direction [\(\bar {2}110\)] from 3 mm to 2 \(\mu \)m. The critical thickness \(T_0\) has been determined below and above which different conditions are required to produce the same type of domain structure. It is shown that the thickness dependence \(D(T)\) is of square-root type for \(T \lt T_1\) and changes into a 0.57-power law for \(T \gt T_1\) where \(T_1\) is the critical thickness above which closure domains form at the basal crystal surface. Comparison with theory shows agreement of the square-root dependence for \(T \lt T_1\) the experimental values of \(D\) being however several times larger than predicted by theory. A critique of experimental curves \(D(T)\) for cobalt published by other authors is given.
Distribution Function of Co Particles Precipitated from Cu—Co Solid Solution with Respect to Its Magnetic Behaviour
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 347 (1968)
abstract
The experimental results of Cahn’s magnetic granulometry for Co particles coagulated in 2 homogeneous Cu-1%Co solid solution aged during different times at 600°C are given. An attempt has been made to express the dependence of magnetic granulometry on the treal distribution function of Co particles in the superparamagnetic range. The log-normal distribution was used to account for magnetic susceptibility in the “blocking” range.
Magnetic Domain Structure of Thin Films from Spin Wave Theory
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 355 (1968)
abstract
A theory of magnetic domain structure of thin films based on the spin wave method is presented. The wall width as a function of the film thickness is obtained and compared with other theories.
An Integral Form of PCAC
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 359 (1968)
abstract
An integral form of the partial conservation of the axial current (PCAC) is proposed, which gives us a link between the axial current and the of the Weinberg sum rules we obtain a theoretical estimation for the coupling constant of the \(A_1\) meson to the nucleon–antinucleon pair. Finally, we estimate the decay rate for \(\rho \to \pi + e + \nu \) taking from experiment the decay rate for \(A_1\to \rho + \pi \) and using a new relation of the Goldberger–Treiman type.
Electronic Structure and Spectra of Organic Molecules. Part V. SCF MO CI Calculations for Purine Substituted at the Second, Sixth and Eighth Positions
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 365 (1968)
abstract
The Pariser–Parr–Pople type calculations were carried out to interpret the electronic spectra (singlet-singlet \(\pi \to \pi *\) type transitions) of 2-X, 6-X and 8-X-purines [X =F, OH, OCH\(_3\), NH\(_2\), NHCH\(_3\), N(CH\(_3\))\(_2\), N(C\(_2\)H\(_5)_2\)]. The theoretical results are in a good agreement with the experimental data.
Cyclotron Effective Mass, Electron Relaxation Time and Cyclotron Resonance Line-shapes in Gallium
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 387 (1968)
abstract
At Azbel–Kaner configuration, cyclotron resonance in the ab, be and ac planes of gallium are investigated. Cyclotron effective masses of charge carriers observed in these planes are determined. Analysis of the line shapes, which point to Chambers type lines in gallium, yielded the relaxation time of resonating electrons. Measurements were made at 4.2°K and 35 GHz.Fasc. 3, pages 421–573
Infrared Spectra of Hydrogen-bonded Complexes of Aromatic Hydrocarbon Bases
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 421 (1968)
abstract
Infrared spectra of hydrogen-bonded complexes of aromatic hydrocarbon bases with phenols, naphthol and trifluoroacetic acid were investigated in the O–H stretching-vibration region. Frequency shifts and integrated intensities of the O–H band and association constants in CCl\(_4\) solutions are given. The results are discussed in terms of the charge-transfer model of hydrogen bond.
Field Methods of Calculating the Polarizability of Atoms
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 437 (1968)
abstract
The Feynman diagram method is formulated for the problem of interaction of electric field on atom. A selection criterion of diagrams is given for calculation of multipole polarizability and hyperpolarizability.
About the Resonance Conditions in Ferromagnetic Thin Films
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 441 (1968)
abstract
The appearance of the surface resonance peak is suggested. The condition for limiting the surface anisotropy field is discussed.
On the Mechanism of Conduction in Liquid Dielectrics Irradiated with Alpha and Beta Particles
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 445 (1968)
abstract
The experimental results obtained heretofore have been made the basis of checking the correctness of the columnar theory of ionization and conductivity devised by Jaffe. There has been found a large discrepancy between the results of experiments and those calculated from Jaffe’s theory. At the same time a new model of charge collection in an electric field is proposed. Its conception is based on estimating the number of \(\delta \) electrons whose range in the liquid is large enough that the parent ion — \(\delta \) electron interaction is smaller than the forces acting from the side of the external field. With the assumption that only such \(\delta \) electrons take part in the measured current, the theory has been compared with experiment and satisfactory agreement has been received.
Effect of Dynamical and Kinematical Interaction of Spin Waves on the Energy of a Cubic Antiferromagnet
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 457 (1968)
abstract
Dynamical corrections to the sum-over-states of a cubic antiferromagnet are derived in the second approximation and proved to form an infinite series in odd powers of the absolute temperature. In the zeroth approximation of the thermodynamic \(S\)-matrix, kinematical interaction is shown to contribute to the sum-over-states corrections in the form of a series consisting of a constant term and terms proportional to all even powers of the absolute temperature.
Sur l’interaction locale entre le champ electromagnetique et le milieu elastique polarisable en theorie de la gravitation
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 469 (1968)
abstract
In a previous work we built a relativistic theory of elasticity. Our present aim is to construct an exact classical theory of interaction between the electromagnetic field and the elastic polarizable medium within the gravitational theory, based on an invariance principle. This theory solves the open problem of the definition of the classical electromagnetic energy in matter. We established the equation of the characteristic manifolds of the theory, with the aim of introducing the study of the classical electromagnetic radiation in matter. The connection with the previous phenomenological models was established for the linear isotropic case.
Возбужденные уровни \(^{129}\)I из распада \(^{129m}\)Tе
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 511 (1968)
abstract
Исследовались спектры конверсионных электронов переходов в \(^{129}\)I, а также энергии и интенсивности бета-переходов из \(^{129}\mathrm {Te}+^{129m}\)Tе на самые нижние уровни \(^{129}\)I. Используя магнитный бета-спектрометр большой светосилы, впервые наблюдено ряд линий электронов конверсии гамма-переходов в \(^{129}\)I. Измерены интенсивности и вычислены коэффициенты внутренней конверсии (КВК) следующих переходов: 209,0 кэв \(-\alpha _K = (3,8\pm 1,3)\cdot 10^{-2}, 250,5\) кэв \(-\alpha _K = (5,7\pm 1,1) \cdot 10^{-2}, 278,4\) кэв \(-\alpha _K = (4.1\pm 0,8) \cdot 10^{-2}, 459,6\) кэв \(-\alpha _K = 1,07 \cdot 10^{-2}, 487,4\) кэв \(-\alpha _K = (1,0\pm 0,4) \cdot 10^{-2}, 696,0\) кэв \(-\alpha _K = (1,9 \pm 0,9)\cdot 10^{-3}\) и 730,0 кэв \(-\alpha _K \leqslant 4,5 \cdot 10^{-3}\). Эти результаты и анализ литературных данных дали возможность определить спины уровней 487,4 кэв \(-5/2^+\) и 696,9 кэв \(- 11/2^+\).
Simplified Derivation of the Quark Model Predictions About High-energy Scattering
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 521 (1968)
abstract
The quark model is reformulated as a very unorthodox one-particle exchange model. In particular, the quark model predictions for the decay distributions of resonances follow from spin conservation in the vertices.
The Probability of K-Capture in the Decay of \(^{139}\)Ce
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 529 (1968)
abstract
With the application of the coincidence technique, the relative probability of K-capture was determined for the transition from the \(3/2^+\) ground state of \(^{139}\)Ce to the 166 keV \(5/2^+\) level in \(^{139}\)La. This probability is \(P_K = 0.75\pm 0.01\) and the transition energy calculated on the basis of it equals \(Q=127\pm 8\) keV. The logarithm of the comparative half-life is log \(ft=\gt 5.7\pm 0.1\).
Estimation of Four-momentum Transfer and Effective Mass in Coherent Interactions of 200 GeV Pions with Emulsion Nuclei
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 535 (1968)
abstract
Four-momentum transfer and effective mass have been estimated in coherent interactions of 200 GeV pions with emulsion nuclei. The results which are very similar to those at machine energies represent an additional evidence that these are really coherent events. It seems from all data that the cross section for coherent production increases with the increase of primary energy.
Application of the Tyablikov–Bogolyubov Diagonalization Method to Magnetic Thin Films
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 539 (1968)
abstract
The general Tyablikov–Bogolyubov procedure of the diagonalization of a bilinear hamiltonian (in the Bose-operators) is applied to the case of thin films. On the base of the theory of difference equations, a method of finding the transformation functions \(u\) and \(v\) is proposed, and their forms are derived for the case of nearest neighbours interaction.
The Decouplet Exchange Superconvergence Relations for Meson–Baryon Scattering and Cuts in the Complex \(J\)-plane
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 543 (1968)
abstract
The superconvergence relations are studied for that part of the meson–baryon scattering amplitude which corresponds to the decouplet exchange in the \(t\)-channel. It is found that only one invariant amplitude satisfies superconvergence relation. This fact is explained in terms of cuts in the complex \(j\)-plane.
Potential Energy Constants and Mean Amplitudes of Vibration for the Isotopic Species of Hydrogen Difluoride Ion
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 547 (1968)
abstract
A brief account of the vibrational and siructural analysis of the hydrogen difluoride jon and deuterium difluoride ion possessing a linear symmetrical structure has been given. On the basis of group theoretical considerations, potential energy constants have been evaluated by employing a three-constant valence force field. Mean-square amplitude quantities and mean amplitudes of vibration for both bonded and nonbonded atom pairs have also been computed at the temperatures 500°K, 750°K and 1000°K. The results have been discussed on the chemical significance of the characteristic bonds.
Über Empirische Beziehungen Für die Baryonen-Massen
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 553 (1968)
abstract
Von den verschiedenen Quantenzahlen hat offensichtlich der Dirac-Spin \(J\) den stärksten Einfluß auf die Baryonen-Massen. Bei den einzelnen Baryonen-Serien, die durch Festwerte der Hyperladung \(Y\) und des Isospins \(I\) characterisiert sind, besteht im wesentlichen ein linear Zusammenhang zwischen Massenquadrat und Spin \(J\). Bei dem Versuch, das Massenquadrat der Baryonen als Funktion der Quantenzahlen \(J, Y, I\) darzustellen, erweist es sich als notwendig, zwei Klassen von Baryonen zu unterscheiden. Unter Verwendung von insgesamt 6 freien Parametern lassen sich etwa 30 Baryonen erfassen.
X-Ray Scattering in Liquid Benzene
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 557 (1968)
abstract
Structural X-ray analysis of liquid benzene is performed and electron density radial distributions \(\rho _m(R)\) are calculated by the analytical method of B.E. Warren et al. J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 19, 202 (1936) as applied to molecular liquids.
A Remark to the Paper: Inclusion of the Lorentz Effect Into Theories of Pressure Broadening of Spectral Lines Based on the Frank–Condon Principle
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 561 (1968)
abstract
The lifetime of \(\tau _k\), of a quasi-molecule (\(QM^k\)) made up of an emitter (an atom whose absorption or emission line is perturbed by perturbers) and \(k (= 0, 1, 2, \dots )\) perturbers present in its interaction sphere depends on the number of times it is formed with a particular emitter during a second. For \(k\neq 0\, QM^k\) are generated in two ways: 1. by collision of \(QM^{k-1}\) with a perturber, and 2. by emission of a perturber by \(QM^{k+1}\). The second way was overlooked in the paper quoted in the title. The corrected expressions for \(\tau _k\) are given. They practically go over into those given in the above paper for low concentrations of perturbers.
Stimulated Raman Scattering of Liquids in a Focussed Low Power Ruby Laser Beam
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 563 (1968)
abstract
A ruby laser beam was focussed within a liquid cell placed between two lenses in a confocal system inside the basic plane-parrallel optical resonator of the laser. Intense stimulated Raman Stokes lines in CS\(_2\), \(\mathrm {C}_6\mathrm {H}_6\) and \(\mathrm {C}_6\mathrm {H}_5 \mathrm {NO}_2\) were observed. Furthermore, in CS\(_2\) stimulated anti-Stokes lines were detected and the Stokes lines were non-symmetrically diffused toward the infrared region.
X-Ray Investigation of the Real Structure of ZnS Single Crystals Obtained under the Pressure of 50 at from Melted Material
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 567 (1968)
abstract
Hexagonal ZnS single crystals were obtained by means of the Brigman method (from melt) at the temperature 1850°C in argon atmosphere under the pressure of 50 at. Introductory microscopic investigations proved relatively small density of etching pits in comparison with data known from the literature. In order to obtain more precise data concerning dislocation density X-ray oscillating film method was applied. The obtained results prove that mean density of edge dislocations with Burgers vector \(\langle 1120\rangle \) is contained within the limits: \(1.3 \times 10^5\) to \(3 \times 10^6~\mathrm {l/cm}^2\).
Holograms of Transparent Objects
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 569 (1968)
abstract
This work shows that the effects of parallax and depth of focus of transparent objects recorded holographically are clearly visible in the wavefront reconstruction from the hologram, even though it is recorded on plates of low-resolution.
The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Dielectric Saturation of m-Nitrotoluene and Its Solutions in Benzene
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 573 (1968)
abstract
The effect of hydrostatic pressure \(p\) on the dielectric saturation \(\delta \varepsilon \) of m-nitrotoluene and its solution in benzene was studied. Three ranges can be distinguished in the permittivity dependence of \(\delta \varepsilon /E^2\). In the first, the increase in number of polar molecules per unit volume \(N'_2\) caused by \(p\) leads to an increase in the negative saturation effect of the Debye type. In the second range the changes of \(\delta \varepsilon /E^2\) due to \(p\) are larger than the changes which could be caused by the increase in \(N'_2\). The third range is that in which the change in \(\delta \varepsilon /E^2\) caused by p are the same as those due to the change in molar concentration of the polar liquid.Fasc. 4, pages 579–761
О некоторых слецифических особенностях уширения перекрывающихся спектральных линий
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 579 (1968)
abstract
Обсуждается вид спектра перекрывающихся спектральных линий в зависимости от частоты неупругих столкновений. Показано, что при определенных условиях интерференционные эффекты могут привести к существенному изменению характера уширения. В качестве примера рассмотрено влияние давления на спектр комбинационного рассеяния двухатомных молекул.
Characteristics of Molecular Complexes in the Excited State
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 593 (1968)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 35, 199 (1969)
abstract
Emission characteristics and dipole moments of a great variety of molecular complexes formed in the excited state are investigated. The results show that molecular complex formation in the excited state is a very general phenomenon ranging from excited charge-transfer complexes, which involve molecules with quite different electronic structures, to excimers involving identical molecules. This whole range is qualitatively discussed in therms of a description which takes into account interaction among charge-transfer and locally excited states. The general conclusions which can be drawn from this and a complementary MO description as to maximum emission frequency and dipole moment of excited molecular complexes are verified. Finally, the condition for typical charge-transfer complex formation in the ground state is outlined.
The Pyrene Excimer
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 603 (1968)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 35, 199 (1969)
abstract
Studies of the pyrene excimer in fluid solution and in the crystal phase are reviewed. Solution studies give the rate parameters of molecular and excimer fluorescence and internal quenching and of excimer formation and dissociation, their frequency factors and activation energies, and the enthalpy and entropy of excimer formation. Corresponding data are obtained from the temperature dependence of the crystal excimer fluorescence yield and lifetime. The temperature dependence of the crystal fluorescence spectrum is analysed to obtain the potential of the pyrene crystal dimer in its ground and excited states. Various theoretical models are compared, and it is concluded that the lowest singlet excimer state in pyrene is an exciton resonance state originating from the molecular \(^1B_{a}\) state.
Elektrophotoluminescence in Rigid Organic Solutions
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 619 (1968)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 35, 199 (1969)
abstract
Electrophotoluminescence (EPL) signals are examined in a rigid organic solution at 77°K at applied electric fields in the \(10^5\)–\(10^8\) V/cm range. This luminescence, like the isothermal luminescence (ITL) seen in the absence of an electric field, is a consequence of the recombination of mobile electrons with immobile positive centers. The electrons and cations are initially produced through photoionization of the solute molecules. A theory is outlined which relates a recombination luminescence seen when the sample suffers a uniform perturbation (such as a temperature increment) to the luminescence seen in the absence of the perturbation. In a somewhat arbitrary fanshion the theory is applied to the case where a uniform electric field acts as the perturbing agent. The qualitative behaviour of the EPL signals suggests that the electrons in the sample are divided into two groups, one whose diffusion is enhanced by the field, the second whose diffusion is suppressed. When this picture is introduced into the theory in a nonrigorous fashion, a relationship is developed which succeeds in linking an EPL curve to the ITL curve within experimental error. Utilmately it turns out that one parameter, which can be reduced to a characteristic distance, \(d \cong 1.1\) Å , serves to generate all of the observed EPL signals from the basic ITL curve of the sample. This parameter, in some manner, relates to the nature of an electron in a rigid organic solid. The connection between this parameter and a similar one observed in volt-ampere photoconductivity studies on the same system leads to additional support for certain details of the model employed.
On the Photoconductivity and Recombination Process in Boric Acid Organophosphors I. Fluorescein in Boric Acid Glass
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 633 (1968)
abstract
The photoconductivity and the thermoluminescence of a rigid solution of fluorescein in boric acid glass appears under u. v. excitation as well as under excitation within the main absorption band of dye molecules. There is some experimental evidence which indicates that the occurrence of these phenomena is not necessarily connected with the photoionization of dye molecules. The results of investigations of optical properties, thermoluminescence and photoconductivity of boric organophosphors, as well as thermographical and ESR studies, indicate that direct photoionization, i.e. production of radical-ions of dye molecules, is possible only under the conditions of u. v. excitation. In the case of excitation in the first absorption band of dye molecules, the authors suggest, on the grounds of their experimental results, that energy transfer occurs from higher excited \(T\) levels of dye molecules to solvent molecules. As a final effect of this process, a photoionization of solvent molecules takes place, producing free electrons (observed in the photoconductivity measurements) as well as some centres responsible for the occurrence of delayed luminescence and thermoluminescence.
Recent Studies on Triplet–Singlet Transitions in Aromatic Molecules
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 649 (1968)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 35, 1029 (1969)
abstract
The paper is divided into four parts. The first part (Section II) discusses the selection rules of the intersystem crossing process in systems having both \(n, \pi *\) and \(\pi ,\pi *\) type of states …
The Spectral Properties of Chlorophyll \(b\) in the Two Phases System
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 669 (1968)
abstract
The absorption and fluorescence spectra, degrees of polarization and life-times of fluorescence of chlorophyll \(b\) in the two phases system consisting of a suspension of apiezon grease in benzene were measured. Spectral properties of chlorophyll \(b\) dissolved in benzene and adsorbed on apiezon were different. The investigated system shows reversible changes of intensity of fluorescence after illumination. The observed phenomena may be explained by the assumption that chlorophyll \(b\) appears in benzene as monomer, dimer and trimer while in apiezon it forms two different types of associates with the molecules of medium.
Kohärenz Bei der Strahlung von Atomen und Kernen in Ausseren Magnetischen und Elektrischen Feldern
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 675 (1968)
abstract
Various methods of coherent excitation of atomic energy levels which are used in level-crossing-, anti-level-crossing- and optical double resonance-experiments are compared. Angular correlations perturbed by external fields in nuclear physics are put in tune with zero-field-level-crossing in atomic physics. Also the influence of collisions on the coherence between atomic states is reported.
Optical Pumping and Molecule Formation
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 693 (1968)
abstract
The author shows that in an alkali metal vapour the rate of equilibrium between diatomic and monatomic molecules may by changed by space orientation of the spin of the valence electrons of the atoms.
Electrochromism of Dyes (Stark Effect) as Method of Investigations of Polymer-dye Molecule Interaction
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 695 (1968)
abstract
The measurements of electrochromic effect (Stark effect) in methyl red and phenol blue dissolved in solids polymers: poly(styrene) (PS), poly(ethyleneterephtalate) (PET), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and poly(vinylacatate) (PVAc) were carried out. The differences in the observed red shift are interpreted in function of polarity of the solid matrix. Some measurements of this effect for above mentioned dyes dissolved in oriented polymer films showed that the red shift is dependent on dye molecules orientation.
An Application of Population Analysis to Electronic Spectroscopy: Calculation of Spin–Orbit Coupling Constants for Multiplet States of Linear Molecules
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 705 (1968)
abstract
A method is proposed for the calculation of spin–orbit coupling constants for multiplet states of linear diatomic and polyatomic molecules in terms of the one electron spin-orbit coupling constants for the constituent atoms, the net electronic charges on the atoms and the partial gross atomic populations. Calculations are made for the \(X^2{\mit \Pi }_i\) and \(A^2{\mit \Pi }_1\) states of CO\(_2\) and SCO\(^+\) and the results are shown to be in excellent agreement with experimental data on these triatomic ions.
An Electrostrictively Scanning Fabry–Perot Interferometer
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 715 (1968)
abstract
An electrostrictively scanning Fabry–Perot interferometer is described. The interferometer permits photoelectric registration of spectral line structure to be made in linear scale as well as precise electric adjustment of interference plates. The instrument has been checked on known structures of several spectral lines of cadmium and mercury.
Vapour Phase Luminescence of Nitrogen Heterocycles: Pyrimidine, Indazole, Isoquinoline, Pyrazine
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 721 (1968)
abstract
Vapour phase fluorescence has been detected in the four compounds named; pyrazine phosphorescence as well. The transition with pressure from resonance fluorescence to vibrationally equilibrated fluorescence is observed in pyrimidine and indazole. Satisfactory gross vibrational analyses are given for the fluorescence spectra of pyrimidine (\(\pi *\to n\)), indazole (\(\pi *\to \pi \)), and isoquinoline (\(\pi *\to \pi \)). From the pressure dependence of the spectra it is suggested that the lifetimes in the vapour of the fluorescent singlet states of pyrazine and pyrimidine are significantly less than their natural lifetimes. For pyrazine vapour a triplet state lifetime of \(10^{-4}\)–\(10^{-5}\) sec, being \(10^{-2}\)–\(10^{-3}\) times the lifetime seen in solid solutions, is tentatively proposed. Attempts to excite luminescence in pyridine and pyridazine were unsuccessful.
The Electronic Energy Relaxation Processes in the Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonded Systems
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 733 (1968)
abstract
The relaxation mechanisms of the electronic energy in the excited singlet state and in the triplet state have been examined for the intermolecular hydrogen bonded systems by the measurements of the luminescence spectra and the phosphorescence decay times at 77°K. In the carbazole–pyridine system, where both of the proton donor and acceptor have conjugate \(\pi \)-electrons, it has been concluded that, in the excited singlet state, the internal conversion rate constant of the hydrogen bonded carbazole, \(k_i\), becomes extremely large compared to that of free carbazole whereas the intersystem crossing rate constant, \(k_\mathrm {c}\), is little influenced by the hydrogen bond formation, and in the triplet state, the rate of the radiationless transition to the ground state, \(k_l\), is also a little larger than that of the free carbazole. On the other hand, in the case of the carbazole–triethylamine system, although the result with respect to \(k_\mathrm {c}\) is the same as in the carbazole–pyrigine system, \(k_i\) and \(k_l\) have decreased a little by the hydrogen bond formation. The results of the phosphorescence measurements have indicated that hydrogen bond formation and dissociation reactions can take place during lifetime of the triplet state in the rigid glassy medium at 77°K.
Электрический взрыв металлических цилиндров при пониженом давлении
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 747 (1968)
abstract
Исследовалось аксиальное высвечивание плазмы возникшей во время электрического взрыва тонких металлических цилиндров. Ноказано, что в зависимости от давления остаточных газов на кривой \(I_{\mit \Phi }(t)\), представляющей временную зависимость интенсивности светового излучения плазмы, наблюдается ряд локальных пиков, происхождение которых связано или с кумуляцией ударной сходящейся цилиндрической волны (давление остаточных газов порядка 2 мм рт. ст.), или с кумуляцией самой плазмы — т.н. “пинч-эффектом” (давление порядка \(2 \times 10^{-2}\) мм рт. ст.).
Über Eine Neue Gestalt Des Vektorpotentials Für Ein Quellenfreies Vektorfeld. Mitteilung II
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 757 (1968)
abstract
Ein quellenfreies Vektorfeld \(\boldsymbol {V}(Q)\) 1äßt sich bekanntlich durch die Rotation eines Vektorpotentiais \(\boldsymbol {W}(Q)\) darstellen: \(\boldsymbol {V}(Q) = \mathrm {rot}_Q \boldsymbol {W}(Q)\). Faßt man diese Beziehung als eine partielle Differentialgleichung für das Vektorpotential \(\boldsymbol {W}(Q)\) auf, so kann man durch ihre direkte Integration eine bereits früher angegebene Beziehung für das Vektorpotential \(\boldsymbol {W}(Q, P)\) erhalten, dessen Vektorpfeile eine senkrechte Richtung zu den in einem beliebigen, jedoch festen Punkte \(P\) beginnenden Radiusvektoren \(\boldsymbol {r}_{PQ}\) haben.
On the Pressure Shift of the Spectral Lines
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 761 (1968)
abstract
Using the correlation function method the Margenau–Kulp line shift formula is derived from the assumptions of the pressure broadening theory based on the phase shift. The connection between the impact treatment of the pressure shift and that of the Jabłoński theory is given. It is shown that at the lowest pressures the Lindholm–Foley and Jabłoński theory yield nearly the same shift of spectral lines.Fasc. 5, pages 771–953
Пути деградации энергии электронного возбуждения органических молекул в рамках схемы яблонского
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 771 (1968)
abstract
In the present paper we set the task of clearing up the ways of electron excitation energy degradation in organic molecules within the Jabłoński three level scheme.
On the Resonance Transfer of Excitation Energy Between the Compound Molecules
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 791 (1968)
abstract
The transfer of excitation quanta from the donor to the acceptor in thin liquid layers and films has been studied. 1. It is proved that the resonance transfer of the excitation energy from the donor to the acceptor is realized without any quanta losses at the moment of the transfer; but during the transfer of the quanta corresponding to the long wave edge of absorption band of the acceptor the transfer can be followed by an additional luminescence quenching which seems to appear due to nonactive acceptor absorption. 2. The total quantum emission of the mixed solution or even one acceptor can be greater than the quantum sum of emissions of both ordinary solutions. 3. The dependence of the transfer coefficient upon the mean distance between the excited molecule of the donor and acceptor molecule has been investigated. In the case under investigation the transfer of the half quanta takes place at the distance 55 Å , and practically full transfer at the distance \(\sim 10\) Å . 4. The influence of the donor concentration on the energy transfer has been under investigation. An existence of migration of the energy through the donor has been observed.
A Study of Quasilinear Electronic Spectra and Electronic States of 1-Azatriphenylene
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 801 (1968)
abstract
It is ascertained that 1-azatriphenylene (AT) shows fluorescence in the near ultraviolet region. In \(n\)-alkanes, particular in \(n\)-heptane at 77°K, the fluorescence and absorption spectra of AT have quasilinear structure. A full vibrational analysis of these spectra is performed, comprising the frequency determination of the 0—0 (\(S_0 \rightleftharpoons S_1\)) transition and of the vibrations of the AT molecule in the \(S_0\) and \(S_1\) state, appearing in electronic spectra. The electronic spectra of AT in frozen \(n\)-propanol solution as well as the IR spectra of AT in various solvents are examined. The oscillator strength of \(S_0\to S_1\) transition is estimated and it is proved to be of the \(\pi \rightleftharpoons \pi ^*\) type. Some questions concerning the structure of electronic spectra of AT are discussed. Applying the SCF LCAO MO Cl method the calculations of the electronic structure of the AT molecule are performed. By using appropriately chosen empirical parameters the calculus for the lowest \(\pi ^*\rightleftharpoons n\) transitions is carried out.
Hydrogen Bond and Level Reversal in Excited 1-Naphthol
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 821 (1968)
abstract
Absorption, fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra of hydrogen-bonded complexes of 1-naphthol were studied at room and at liquid nitrogen temperatures. It was shown that in the excited singlet state the A–H… B (in \(^1L_b\) state) and \(\mathrm {A}^-\)… H–B\(^+\) (in \(^1L_a\)) are in equilibrium. The influence of solvent and temperature is discussed. In the \(^3L_a\) state, only the A–H… B form is stable.
On the Effective Nuclear Potential of the Interaction Between Two Nucleons in Triplet States
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 833 (1968)
abstract
In this paper it is shown that by taking into consideration the results of Tharrats et al. one can derive in a very simple manner the nucleon–nucleon interaction given usually derived by more complicated method.
EPR and X-Ray Investigation of Lattice Defects in Ruby Single Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 837 (1968)
abstract
Experimental methods for the investigation of defects in ruby crystals are described. For the assumed mosaic model of a crystal the misorientations of macromosaic and micromosaic blocks are determined by means of the EPR and X-ray methods.
Couche minces ces de titanate de baryum preparees par elektrophorese puis frittees ou fondues
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 847 (1968)
abstract
On a étudié les propriétés de dépôts de titanate de baryum d’une épaisseur de l’ordre de 100 microns, obtenus sur des supports de platine et d’iridium par une cataphorèse suivie de traitements thermiques divers incluant la fusion.
Some Remarks on the Multilayer Model of a Luminescence Center
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 853 (1968)
abstract
A generalized expression was found for the relative probability, \(W (k_1, \dots , k_z, t)\), of finding the excitation energy at the initially excited molecule \(A\) at a time \(t\) after excitation, which had been introduced earlier into the theory of concentration depolarization of solutions. This generalization consists in taking into account of the dependence of the rate constant of the excitation energy re-migration to the \(A\) molecule upon distance. It was assumed previously that the rate constant has an identical value for all molecules belonging to a given luminescence center. With the new form of the expression for \(W_A(k, \dots , k_Z, t)\) as the basis, a modified expression for the emission anisotropy as a function of luminescent substance concentration is derived.
The Temperature Hysteresis of Electric Permittivity of TGS Single Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 859 (1968)
abstract
The investigations of the temperature hysteresis of electric permittivity measured in a weak electric field in TGS single crystals were carried out for temperature variations lying in the ferroelectric phase. For the same specimen there were always created two physical situations at a temperature well below the transition temperature. The first one with a large number of domains, the second one with small number. The temperature hysteresis for the specimens with smaller number of domains was always much smaller than for specimens of the second kind. Taking into account the known relations between the weak field electric permittivity and the area of domain walls, the temperature hysteresis of electric permittivity was discussed in terms of changes of the total domain wall area. In order to get description of the behaviour of the ferroelectric, more compatible with the experimental results, the distribution of depolarization coefficients of domains was introduced. It was shown that the hysteresis effect in the ferroelectric phase is due to the hysteresis in the distribution of domains. There was also given the mechanism of change in the distribution of depolarization coefficients of domains with temperature.
Scattering of Slow Neutrons by Real Gases. I. Quasi-ideal Approximation and Total Cross-section
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 867 (1968)
abstract
The influence of intermolecular interactions in gases on the scattering of neutrons is investigated in the so-called quasi-ideal approximation. In this approximation the shape of neutron spectrum is unchanged, but the scattering cross-section per particle differs from that for an ideal gas by a factor \(\rho /\rho _0\), the ratio of the actual density to the density calculated from the ideal gas equation of state. It is shown that the coherent scattering vanishes in this approximation.
Surface States of a Deformed Crystal of Li
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 875 (1968)
abstract
The change in value of the resonance integral between the surface atoms and their first neighbours due to the surface deformation is numerically calculated. If this change is larger than 40%; which corresponds to the decrease in the lattice constant at the surface of about 0.7 Å , then in the crystal of Li may exist an additional band of the surface states.
Effect of Temperature on the Natural and Ionization Conductivity of Non-polar Liquids. I.
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 879 (1968)
abstract
Intrinsic and ionization currents were measured in a plane parallel ionization chamber with a collecting electrode of large area. The performed measurements of intrinsic conductivity in hexane, heptane, decane, hexadecane and carbon tetrachloride include the range of the lowest values of electric conductivity in liquids achieved hitherto. It was found that for the ionization conductivity (induced by Cs-137 \(\gamma \) radiation) of these liquids Arrhenius’ law is obeyed, \(\sigma _1=\sigma _{i0}\exp (-W_i/kT)\), whereas for the intrinsic conductivity in the same temperature range it is not satisfied in many cases. This work included an attempt of comparing the results obtained with the existing theories of electric conduction.
Theorie quantique relativiste des gaz parfaits de Fermi et de Bose
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 895 (1968)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 35, 1029 (1969)
abstract
La théorie quantique relativiste des gaz parfaits de Fermi ou de Bose est exposée en détails à partir de la distribution connue de l’énergie, et l’on donne les expressions du volume, des impulsions particulières, des températures cinétiques (ou énergies moyennes), de la pression, de la température de Carnot, de l’entropie, des chaleurs massiques et des potentiels thermodynamiques en fonction de deux variables indépendantes en employant trois fonctions spéciales. Mais la formulation est quelquefois assez lourde, et il est avantageux de connaître les conditions qui permettent de se dispenser des expressions relativistes complètes, à une certaine approximation près. On est ainsi amené à utiliser trois séries de formules qui correspondent à trois états différents du gaz. Ceci conduit à la notion de zone d’approximation non relativiste, de zone relativiste et de zone ultra-relativiste. Ces zones ont été délimitées numériquement dans le cas où l’on recherche une précision du millième.
The Quantized Cauchy Data and Particle States for Theories with Higher Order Derivatives
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 913 (1968)
abstract
The quantized Cauchy data for symetrized covariant bilinear Lagrangians, containing derivatives up to \(2N\)-th order, are investigated. The unitarily inequivalent generalized canonical spaces with indefinite metric, defined by means of quantized Cauchy data, and the particle states are introduced. The particle states are defined as the eigenstates of the four-momentum operator. In the presence of multipoles they describe only a subspace of generalized canonical space. The complement of the particle space defines the subspace of ghost states. Finally the subsidiary condition and 7-formalism for higher order Lagrangians are considered.
Effect of Growth Conditions on the Dielectric Properties of TGS Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 929 (1968)
abstract
The dielectric properties of TGS crystals grown in paraelectric phase at +55°C are studied, also in their dependence on the state of polarization and admixtures of Cu and Cr ions. Such crystals are found to have \(\varepsilon '\) and \(\varepsilon ''\) values two to three times higher than if grown in ferroelectric phase. Repolarization, consisting in a spontaneous polarization of the crystals in the absence of an external electric field and always occurring in crystals grown in ferroelectric phase, is due mainly to mechanical stresses arising during growth; in crystals grown in paraelectric phase, repolarization is but weak.
Study of the (\(d, p\)) Reaction on \(^{48}\)Ti and \(^{50}\)Ti Nuclei
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 939 (1968)
abstract
Proton spectra from \(^{48}\)Ti(\(d, p\))\(^{49}\)Ti and \(^{50}\)Ti(\(d, p\))\(^{5}\)Ti reactions at incident deuteron energy of 12,9 MeV were measured in wide range of angles. Six proton groups leading to: ground, 1.38, 1.72, 2.50, 3.26 and 3.80 MeV states of \(^{49}\)Ti nucleus and two proton groups leading to: ground and 1.16 MeV states of \(^{51}\)Ti nucleus were taken for the analysis of angular distributions. The distorted wave, zero range Born approximation method was applied and the \(l\)-values as well as spectroscopic factors corresponding to different transitions were obtained. Four different sets of parameters of the deuteron optical potential were used in the DWBA analysis and their influence on the shape of angular distributions and the magnitude of spectroscopic factors was investigated. These potentials only which have the depth of the real potential not lower than about 100 MeV appeared to be acceptable. In measured angular distributions noticeable effects due to different coupling of spin and orbital angular momentum of transferred neutron were observed. The differences in shapes of angular distributions caused by that effect were related to the polarization of protons scattered elastically on Ti nuclei.
Note on the Ångström Bands of the \(^{12}\)C\(^{18}\)O Molecule
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 953 (1968)
Fasc. 6, pages 957–1105
A Scalar Representation of Coherence Properties of Blackbody Radiation
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 957 (1968)
abstract
The complex scalar potential, in terms of which the source free electromagnetic radiation may be described, is considered to represent a stochastic Gaussian process. Assuming stationarity, homogeneity and isotropy of this scalar random field it is shown how coherence properties of blackbody radiation can be characterized by a single scalar correlation function. An explicit expression for the scalar mutual coherence function is derived, and in a simple way all known correlation tensors of electromagnetic radiation in thermal equilibrium are obtained. A type of resemblance between commutators of quantized electromagnetic field and coherence tensors is found.
Relaxation Effects in Mg–Cd Alloys in the Region of Mg\(_3\)Cd
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 967 (1968)
abstract
Internal friction was measured in alloys of the magnesium-cadmium system containing from 12 to 31 at. % Cd. In the curves presenting the temperature dependence of the internal friction two peaks were observed, of which the first appearing at the lower temperature corresponds to the Zener relaxation effect, whereas the other is due to the relaxation of the stresses at the boundaries of the grains of the polycrystalline sample. The relaxation strength was plotted against cadmium concentration and a minimum was observed for an alloy whose composition corresponds to Mg\(_3\)Cd.
Modification of the Frequency Measurement Method for Dielectric Constant Determination
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 973 (1968)
abstract
The previous work [1] has offered a method of determining the dielectric constant \(\varepsilon \) of liquids within the range of values between 2 and 3 by the direct measurement of frequency. Our new modified method simplifies the measuring scheme considerable and increases the accuracy of the dielectric constant measurements somewhat. The relative error of the modified method is \(\frac {\Delta \varepsilon }{\varepsilon }= 1.4 \times 1-^{-4}\).
A Perturbation Treatment of the Hartree–Fock Equation for \(2s^2\) \(^1S\) Weakly Quantized States of Helium-like Ions
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 979 (1968)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 35, 489 (1969)
abstract
The first-order Hartree–Fock (HF) equation for the \(2s^2\) \(^1S\) states of two-electron atomic systems is solved exactly. The solution is used to evaluate the second-order HF energy exactly and the third-order HF energy with great accuracy. The zero- and first-order terms in the expectation values of \(\sigma (r), 1/r, r\) and \(r^2\) are calculated for the \(2s\) orbital. The result of this paper for the helium atom is compared with those other calculations and of experiment.
Green’s Function Analysis of Ethylene Vibrations
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 985 (1968)
abstract
The Green’s function analysis of substituted and perturbed molecules suggested by T. Wolfram and R.E. DeWames was applied to the study of ethylene vibrations. The potential energy constants and mean amplitudes of vibration were evaluated. The C = C stretching force constant (11.4365 mdynes/A) and the C–H stretching force constant (5.3864 mdynes/A), and the mean amplitudes of vibration for C = C stretch (0.0416 A) and C–II stretch (0.0761 A) are in very good agreement with the values reported by Cyvin using GVFF.
Program and Tables for Calculating the Statistical Parameters of the Triple Coincidence Circuit
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 995 (1968)
abstract
A computer program is described for calculating the resolving time, jitter breadth and efficiency of the triple coincidence circuit on the basis of the point method. A simple case is considered, where the resolving time and jitter breadth is the same with respect 1o all inputs of the circuit. The use of the Owen function \(T(h, a)\) in the computation is explained. Exact tables calculated for the point parameter \(k = 0.01, 0.1, 0.25\) are given.
On the Decay of Thermodynamic Fluctuations in Antiferromagnetic Order
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 1009 (1968)
abstract
The decay of thermodynamic fluctuations in antiferromagnetic order has been investigated on the basis of the master equation. The calculations have been performed in the constant coupling approximation for Heisenberg antiferromagnet with spin \(s = 1/2\) at the lattice site, generalized to cover the nonequilibrium conditions, analogously to the case of ferromagnets. The decay appears to be described by the diffusion equation for the magnetic moment fluctuation in each sublattice separately. The diffusion coefficient changes very slowly with temperature in the vicinity and above the Néel point and has a nonzero value at \(T_N\).
On the Dependence of Electric Conductivity of Organic Liquids on Temperature
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 1015 (1968)
abstract
Natural conductivity values of organic liquids obtained by various authors are given as a function of \(1/T\) as well as the results of own investigations on the group of saturated hydrocarbons which are characterized by conductivities two order of magnitudes lower than those of other liquids. Among all investigated organic compounds which occur in liquid state, the lowest conductivity values are those of nonpolar liquids, and among the latter those of saturated hydrocarbons (paraffins).
Динамика торсионных колебаний молекулярных групп в кристаллической решетке
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 1019 (1968)
abstract
Торсионные колебания сильносвязанных групп атомов в кристалле описываются в рамках гармонического прибл.ижения. Для вычисления элементов динамической матрицы ионных кристаллов применяется модель жестких ионов, в которой каждый ион имеет определенное распределение зарядов. Показывается связь между силовыми постоянными торсионных колебаний и упругими постоянными.
The Scattering of Slow Neutrons by Real Gases. II. First Non-quasi-ideal Correction
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 1037 (1968)
abstract
First and second order corrections for spectrum of scattered neutrons by real gases, resulting from intermolecular interactions are investigated. It is shown that the formula for the incoherent scattering function, which is exact within the quasi-ideal approximation, is satisfied to order \(\lambda _1\), where \(\lambda \) — is the coupling constant.
The Scattering of Slow Neutrons by Real Gases. III. Scattering by Gaseous Methane
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 1047 (1968)
abstract
The numerical calculations of the first order non-quasi-ideal correction to the differential cross-section for scattering of slow neutrons by gaseous methane are presented. To do this, a new suitable form of intermolecular potential is proposed. The second order corrections are also estimated. It is shown that intermolecular interactions are able to explain the disagreement between Griffing theory and experimental data.
Asymptotic Condition in the Zachariasen–Thirring Model
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 1057 (1968)
abstract
The asymptotic condition in the Zachariasen–Thirring model is discussed. The convergence of the product of operators is proved in the weak and strong limits.
Dielectric Properties of Fused Salts
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 1063 (1968)
abstract
The dielectric permittivity and loss of fused [CdCl\(_6^{-4}\)] \(\cdot \) [(CH\(_3\))\(_2\)NH\(_2^+\)]\(_4\) have been measured over the frequency range of \(400\div 8500\) MHz and at two temperatures. Two independent methods has been used (Roberts–Von Hippel and Little). The evaluated static permittivity of this fused salt amounts to 6.6 and 6.0 at 120° and 140°C respectively. The relaxation times (\(126\times 10^{-12}\) and \(93\times 10^{-12}\) sec at 120° and 140°C) are about ten times higher than that of simple polar liquid.
Single-particle Interpretation of the Dirac Equation Within an Infinite Set of Pictures
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 1071 (1968)
abstract
An infinite group of unitary transformations comprehending an ‘‘intermediary” domain between the two limiting cases of the Foldy–Wouthuysen and Cini–Touschek transformations has been investigated with a view of obtaining some new conclusions concerning the one-particle interpretation of the Dirac equation from properties of the infinite set of pictures generated by this group of transformations. In particular, the role of a doubly-infinite set of generalized “mean” operators has been discussed.
Transformation Properties of the Fourth-order Polarizability Tensor for Crystallographic Point Groups
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 1087 (1968)
abstract
The transformation properties of the tensor are derived, and the related problem of four photon Raman scattering is discussed.
Molecular Angular Correlations and Strong Optical Nonlinearities in Intense Laser Light Propagation in Liquids
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 1093 (1968)
abstract
A formula is proposed admitting of direct calculations of \(2n\)-th nonlinearities in the optical permittivity \(\varepsilon _{2n}\) for liquids consisting of anisotropic molecules. The \(\varepsilon _2\) values calculated taking into account pairwise molecular angular correlations are in good agreement with measurements of the optical Kerr effect. It is shown that \(\varepsilon _4\) can be positive or negative according to the sign of the molecular anisotropy and type of angular correlations; this can be of considerable significance for the self-focussing of laser beams.ERRATA
Zur Störungstheoretischen Berechnung von verallgemeinerten Zweipunktfunktionen in der Elektrodynamik
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 1105 (1968)
Electric Dipole Hyperpolarizabilities for Several Open Shells of Electron Systems
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 1105 (1968)
Low Energy Part of the a Particle Spectrum from Tripartition of \(^{235}\mathrm {U}\)
Acta Phys. Pol. 34, 1105 (1968)