Vol. XXVIII (1965)
Fasc. 1, pages 3–141
Loss Factor in BaTiO3-type Ferroelectrics, as Measured by a Thermal Method
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 3 (1965)
abstract
The loss factor \(\varepsilon ^{\prime \prime }\) of barium–strontium titanate was measured by a thermal method, and was found to exhibit the following well-known properties: thermal dependence with thermal hysteresis, a \(DC\) biasing field effect, characteristic time-dependence and resonance absorption.
Photoelectric Polarimeter for Measurements of Small Rotation Angles of Polarization of Light
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 11 (1965)
abstract
A photoelectric polarimeter for determining small rotation angles of the plane of polarization has been developed. This device enables to record rotation angles continuously. As analyzer, a half-shadow polaroid is used which splits the light beam; the two beams are then directed onto two identical photomultiplier detectors. The photocurrent feeds a galvanometer which works as coordinate recorder. The accuracy achieved in determining rotation angles amounts to approximately \(15^{\prime \prime }\) of arc. The polarimeter was applied for measuring the magnetic properties of thin ferromagnetic films by the method of the magneto-optical Faraday effect.
The Measurement of Self-diffusion Coefficient in Dielectric Liquids Using the Method of Open-ended Capillaries and Radioisotope Technique
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 17 (1965)
abstract
By means of the open-ended capillare method the autodiffusion coefficients of methyl and ethyl acetate have been measured. The energy of activation in diffusion process has been established. The discussion of results is carried out in terms of Eyring’s theory and the interlaminar distance \(\lambda _1\), in liquid viscosity model, as well as the \((\lambda _2\lambda _3)^{1/3}\) and \(D\eta /T\) values are calculated.
Spin Wave Spectrum of Ferromagnetic Thin Films
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 25 (1965)
abstract
The spin wave energy spectrum of ferromagnetic thin films is calculated by means of Pauli operators. Corciovei’s method of diagonalization of the Hamiltonian is applied. The results are valid for all external magnetic fields.
On the Effect of Ion Counter Generated Ions on the Kinetics of Photostimulated Exoelectron Emission from Plastically Deformed Aluminium
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 31 (1965)
abstract
Photostimulated exoelectron emission as recorded in gases and accompanying plastic deformation of aluminium is known to exhibit various kinetics according to the experimental conditions. By consecutive elimination, the effect of essential parameters, thus the light stimulating emission, the accelerating voltage between the specimen and grid cathode of the counter, and the working voltage of the counter itself, was investigated.
On the Physical Meaning of the Sensitivity of Carbon Resistor Thermometers (Helium Temperatures)
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 45 (1965)
abstract
The temperature-dependence of the sensitivity of carbon resistor thermometers is shown to be directly related with the temperature-dependence of the activation energy of current carriers and thus with the universal calibration equation proposed in an earlier paper. A formula is derived relating the sensitivity of a polycrystalline semiconducting and that of a moncrystalline thermometric element. The utility of the two, at present generally applied definitions of the sensitivity of resistance thermometers is discussed. The sensitivity of carbon resistors is expressed from Clement and Quinell’s (1952) calibration equation and the latter is shown also to contain implicitly the temperature-dependence of the activation energy of current carriers as conditioned most probably by the grain structure of the resistors.
Remarks on the Physical Meaning of Calibration Equations for Standard Carbon Thermometers
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 55 (1965)
abstract
Basing on the ideas of Rose–Innes (1964), it is shown that Kalinkina’s calibration equation (1963) can also be derived from the general form of the series proposed by Rose–Innes. From the calibration equations of Clement and Quinnell (1952), Nicol and Soller (1957), and Kalinkina (1963), an explicit expression for the temperature-dependence of the activation energy of current carriers is derived. It is proved that the postulate of equivalence between calibration equations of standard carbon resistors and Seitz’s relation for single crystal specimens leads to discrepancy with the experimental data. The physical meaning of the calibration equations applied is found to be related with the temperature-dependence of the activation energy of current carriers as determined by the grain structure of carbon resistors used as resistance thermometers.
Effect of Oxide Barrier Layer and Measuring Parameters on the Initial Deformation \(\varepsilon _0\) Yielding Photostimulated Exoelectron Emission in Vacuum from Plastically Deformed Aluminium
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 61 (1965)
abstract
This paper deals with induced phostostimulated emission of electrons (Exoelectrons) accompanying plastic deformation of aluminium in vacuum. Emission intensity was measured with a 15-stage electron multiplier of Allen type with Cu–Be dynodes. In vacuum of \(10^{-5}\) mm Hg, plastic deformation of aluminium was found to be accompanied by photostimulated emission of electrons whose intensity grew with the deformation up to disruption of the specimen, when emission decayed with time. The kinetics of emission both during deformation and subsequent to it resembles that of exoelectron emission into an atmosphere of air. The value of the initial deformation \(\varepsilon _0\) at which exoelectron emission sets in is shown to depend on the following factors: (a) the thickness \(D\) of the oxide barrier layer coating the aluminium specimen, (b) the external accelerating field strength \(E\), (c) the intensity \(l\) of the light beam stimulating emission, (d) the time \(\theta \) during which the specimen had been annealed (heated), and (e) the time of ageing \(v\) subsequent to heating. The results show that the electrically charged walls of the micro-cracks in the oxide layer coating the metal are the factor controlling emission from the transitional metal-oxide layer.
A Test for Azimuthal Correlations in High-multiplicity Jets
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 73 (1965)
abstract
A test for the presence of azimuthal correlations, other than those imposed by momentum conservation, is proposed. The final formula is an asymptotic expansion in inverse powers of the number of particles. Consequently it is applicable to high-multiplicity jets only, say \(n\geqslant 20\).
Thermodynamics of Association Processes of Solutions
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 79 (1965)
corrected according to erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 29, 920 (1966)
abstract
Rhodamin 6G association at constant concentration in a binary solvent composed of methanol of various concentration dissolved in carbon tetrachloride is investigated. It is shown that, at thermodynamic equilibrium of the solution, changes in solvent structure have to be taken into account. The above mentioned binary system is held to represent the model of aqueous solutions of molecules.
A Unified Description of Space-time and Isospace II
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 87 (1965)
abstract
The assumption of an \(N\)-dimensional space-time with redundant dimensions closed on a microscopical scale yields a geometrical interpretation of the “intrinsic” properties of baryons and mesons. The existence of the baryonic octet and the mesons pi, \(K\), omega, eta, ro, and \(K^*\) with their characteristic properties like spin, parity, isospin, hypercharge, \(G\)-parity and \(C\)-parity find a natural explanation.
The Role of Molecular Multipole Interactions in the Electric Polarization of Multi-component Systems II. Orientation Polarization
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 95 (1965)
abstract
Within the framework of the classical statistical theory of isotropic dielectrics, the effect of pairwise and triplet interactions between molecular electric multipoles on the orientational polarization \(P_\mathrm {O}\) of a multi-component systemis discussed. Applying an adequate tensor formalism, the general form of the contribution to \(P_\mathrm {O}\) due to the induction of molecular dipoles by the electric fields deriving from permanent multipoles of neighbouring molecules of the medium is computed in the zeroth approximation of the theory, i.e. in the absence of potential energy of tensorial interaction of the electric multipoles. Analogously, as a first approximation of perturbation theory, the additional contributions to \(P_\mathrm {O}\) accounting for the effect of the potential energy of tensorial interaction of permanent molecular multipoles on the permanent multipole-induced dipole effect resulting in the zeroth approximation of the theory are computed. Moreover, the effect on \(P_\mathrm {O}\) of the anisotropy of the molecular dipolar polarization tensor is calculated. The general resulis are discussed in detail for systems whose components consist of (i) weakly dipolar molecules, (ii) quadrupolar axially-symmetric or arbitrarily-symmetric molecules, (iii) tetrahedrally-symmetric molecules presenting an octopole and hexadecapole moment, and (iiii) octahedral molecules presenting only a hexadecapole moment. The theory is applied to gaseous mixtures, for which the second virial coefficient of orientational polarization, providing the basis for determining molecular multipole moments of order higher than dipolar, is found.
On Asymptotic Solutions in the Microscopic Theory of Ferroelectric Domain Structures
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 123 (1965)
abstract
Recently, a general microscopic formalism was proposed by one of us (W.Z.) which permits a uniform description of ferromagnetic as well as ferroelectric domain structures. The main idea of this approach resides in employing inhomogeneous rotations of the spins or electric dipoles, respectively, and setting up a suitable variational principle. As variational parameters one can choose, generally, either the rotating angles or the direction cosines of the rotating axes. To facilitate the calculations, the former description is preferably used though in principle both the procedures are strictly equivalent. The present paper studies the applicability and efficiency of the latter procedure by applying it to some specific domain structures of ferroelectric crystals and imposing asymptotic boundary conditions. The variational principle is derived for the case of an orthorhombic dipole-lattice, and the Euler–Lagrange equations are solved in the limit cases when the deviation from a cubic lattice is either remarkable or negligible (both in a specific sense). Effective formulae are given for the thickness and energy of three types of inter-domain walls, and the results are compared with those obtained when using conventional methods. Moreover, a satisfactory qualitative explanation of the influence of particular homogeneous lattice-deformations on the direction of polarization and type of domain structure can be given.
Conformal Geodesic Deviations I
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 141 (1965)
abstract
The theory of geodesic deviations of arbitrary spinor-tensor densities is developed first on the level of the affine then on the level of the conformal geometry. Equations of the “falling elevator” (of the first order) and of the two infinitesimally close “falling elevators” are studied. The possibility of the geometrical interpretation of the algebraic types of the curvature with the help of these equations is discussed.Fasc. 2, pages 177–295
Theoretical Evaluation of Level “Crossing” Parameters for Some Alkali Metal Atoms
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 177 (1965)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 29, 920 (1966)
abstract
The dependence between Zeeman hfs splitting energy in the first excited state \(^2P_{3/2}\) of 23Na and 11Rb and magnetic fields of intermediate strength was found in the form of secular equations and diagrams. Calculation comprised quadrupole interaction too. The following parameters describing the level crossing effect are calculated: the magnetic field values at which crossing occurs, the best geometry the halfwidth and relative intensity of level crossing signal. Rather good agreement between the theoretical previsions and available experimental data is found.
Field-effect Pinch-off in Illuminated CdS Single Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 193 (1965)
abstract
An electric field applied capacitatively to a photoconducting CdS single crystal can decrease its conductance to zero (pinch-off effect). After a time depending linearly on the field applied, the crystal’s conductance begins to rise. A simple model explaining the effect takes into account recombination of light-excited holes.
Quantization and Physical Interpretation of the Gravitational Field
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 201 (1965)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 29, 920 (1966)
abstract
In a previous paper (1964) a programme of quantization of the gravitational field was presented. Now we investigate the problem of consistency of the commutation relations proposed previously and discuss in more detail some problems of interpretation.
A Simple Asymptotic Formula for Charge Branching Ratios in the Statistical Model
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 207 (1965)
abstract
The integral yielding charge branching ratios (according to the statistical model) is evaluated using the steepest descents method. An expansion of the exact result into inverse powers of the number of particles with non-zero isospins is thus obtained. The approximate results are compared with the exact ones for three 10-particle systems. The error when using the first approximation is about 1 per cent.
Proton Magnetic Resonance Study of the Structure of Beryllium Sulfate Tetrahydrate
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 217 (1965)
abstract
Proton 1nagnetic resonance spectra were obtained for a single crystal of beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate, pointing to the presence of four pairs of \(p\)–\(p\) directions in accordance with the crystal’s symmetry. Also, the splitting between the doublet components depended on the temperature as the vector \(H_0\) varied its direction in the \(a\)–\(a\) plane. However, no temperature-dependence appeared if \(H_0\) was parallel to the \(c\)-axis, This effect is explained by anisotropic motion of the water molecules in the crystal. Taking into account corrections for intramolecular oscillations and oscillations of the molecule as a whole, the \(p\)–\(p\) distances were determined for all four directions and found to be equal amounting to (\(1.63\pm 0.01\))Å . From the experimental data obtained as will as from the structure of the single crystal and assuming the concept of the hydrogen bond, the positional co-ordinates of the hydrogen atoms in the crystal lattice of beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate were determined.
Influence of Quenchers’ Dipole Moment on Fluorescence Quenching
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 229 (1965)
abstract
The influence of the dipole moment of organic quenchers (isomers of dibromobenzene and dichlorobenzene) on quenching of fluorescence from anthracene in benzene solutions was investigated. Quenching was found to decrease with increasing dipole moment of the quencher. The interpretation suggested attributes the primary role to the probability of collision between the quenching substituent and the excited anthracene molecule, which is higher in para- than in meta- or ortho-derivatives.
Potential Energy Function for Diatomic Molecules
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 233 (1965)
abstract
A new, general form of the potential energy function for diatomic molecules is given. The Schrödinger equation for this potential is solved and the formula for vibrational–rotational levels is obtained.
Diffraction Scattering of Deuterons on Non-spherical Nuclei III. Semitransparent Nucleus with Diffuse Edges
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 239 (1965)
abstract
The paper concerns diffraction scattering of deuterons on nuclei. Elastic and inelastic scattering leading to excitation of the collective states in nuclei are investigated. Deuteron scattering is treated as a superposition of the difaction scatterings of both the neutron and proton of the deuteron by applying the Achiezez–Sitenko method. The optical model is used to describe the nucleon–nucleus scattering, instead of the “black nucleus” model used in previous investigations. There is no evidence for the existence of the “universal curve” in the present approach. The results of numerical calculations presented here agree better with experiment than in previous calculations.
Trichromatic Colour Coordinates in the Effect of Electroluminescence in ZnS–Cu, ZnS–Cu–Pb, ZnCdS–Cu and ZnS–Cu–Mn
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 247 (1965)
abstract
The trichromatic colour coordinates of electroluminescence of the luminophors enumerated are established in their dependence on the voltage, excitation frequency and time of emission of the electroluminescence cell. The colour of electroluminescence was found to change variously with these parameters according to the composition of the luminophors and excitations. The greatest diversity with regard to change in colour occurs in the groups ZnS–Cu–Mn i.e. in luminophors of green–orange–blue colour.
Effect of Intermolecular Interactions on the Probabilities of Optical Transitions for a Molecule in Solution
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 261 (1965)
abstract
The effect of dipole type intermolecular interactions on the probabilities of transition is analyzed. Equations are proposed relating the absorption coefficient and mean lifetime in the excited state with the dielectric properties of the solution.
Untersuchungen über die Emission der Schichtluminophore mit Aluminiumoxyd als Grundmaterial und organischen. Aktivatoren: 7-Oxycumarin, 4-ethyl-7-Oxycumarin und 4-Aminophthalimid
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 271 (1965)
abstract
Es werden die Versuche über die Darstellung der Schichtluminophore mit Aluminiumoxyd als Grundmaterial und den organischen Aktivatoren 7-Oxycumarin, 4-Methyl-7-oxycumarin und 4-Aminophthalimid beschrieben, Die Gesamtemissionsspektren und die Phosphoreszenzspektren von 7-Oxycumarin, 4-Methyl-7-oxycumarin und 4-Aminophthalimid in Aluminiumoxy wurden bei Raumtemperatur und auch bei der Temperatur der Flüssigen Luft gemessen. Die erhaltenen Messergebnisse werden diskutiert.
Isotropic Tensors
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 285 (1965)
abstract
A theorem indicating the general form of an isotropic tensor is proved. It is a generalization of the Wigner–Eckart theorem and, on the other hand, of the reduction theorem from our previous paper. The present theorem is valid for a large class of groups, in particular for the rotation, Lorentz, and \(\mathrm {SU}_N\) groups.
Hysteresis Loop Without a Symmetry Point
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 291 (1965)
Lower Bound of the Forward Unsymmetrized Scattering Amplitude
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 295 (1965)
Fasc. 3, pages 299–427
Relation Between the Spectral Distribution of Optical Absorption in Coloured NaCl and KCl Single Crystals and Their Decay Curves of Photostimulated (Exo)Electron Emission
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 299 (1965)
abstract
Applying monochromatic light for stimulating exoelectron emission from previously additively coloured NaCl and KCI crystals, the decay constants \(\lambda _i\) of emission kinetics curves \(\frac {N}{t}=\sum \limits ^3_{i=1}\left (\frac {N}{t}\right )_{0,i}\mathrm {e}^{-\lambda _{it}}\) are shown to describe qualitatively the spectral distribution of optical absorption of \(F\) and \(M\) centres.
Exoelectron Emission in Vacuum in the Absence of Light During Plastic Deformation of Aluminium Thickly Coated with Oxide
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 311 (1965)
abstract
Investigation dealt with exoelectron emission in vacuum in the process of plastic deformation of aluminium coated with a thick (over 50 m\(\mu \)) barrier layer of electrolytic oxide. Deformation was found to be accompanied by electron emission in the absence of light also. According to the thickness of the oxide layer, one sharp maximum on the curve of \(\frac {N}{t}(\varepsilon )\) was found at a deformation \(\varepsilon \) of about 1—2% and another maximum \(\beta \) on the same curve at a deformation \(\varepsilon \) of 3—4%. The maximum \(\beta \) is higher and more diffluent. The height and shape of the two maxima of the \(\frac {N}{t}(\varepsilon )\) curve do not depend on the stimulating light and appear in the dark also. It is shown that their height is affected by: (a) the thickness of the layer \(D\), (b) the extermal accelerating field strenght \(E\), (c) the rate of deformation \(\frac {d\varepsilon }{dt}\), and (d) the procedure employed in preparing the samples. Non-light-stimulated exoelectron emission appearing in the process of deformation of aluminium coated with a barrier layer of electrolytic oxide is considered as emission from the oxide layer itself. It seems to originate under the effect of an electric field of strength \(E_0\sim 10^7\) V cm\(^{-1}\) in micro-chinks which arise as the deformed oxide layer cracks.
Effect of Oxide and of Measuring Parameters on the Decay of Photostimulated (Exo)Electron Emission in Vacuum from Plastically Deformed Aluminium (I)
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 329 (1965)
abstract
The process of decay of photostimulated exoelectron emission in vacuum as measured subsequent to plastic deformation (distention) of aluminium is considered. The tangent to the emission decay curve \(\log \frac {N}{t}(t)\) at points near \(t = 0\) is shown to depend on such factors as: (a) the thickness of the oxide layer \(D\), (b) the external electric field \(E\) accelerating electrons, (c) the intensity I of light stimulating emission, (d) the procedure applied in preparing the samples. The value of the tangent (steepness) of the curve \(\frac {N}{t}(t)\) in the point \(t = 0\) is considered as a quantity characterizing the rate of decay of emission. It is found that the rate of decay of emission depends on factors opposing the outflow of electrons from the metal-oxide substratum to the space beyond the chinks which arise in the oxide layer coating the aluminium sample in the process of the latter’s distention. The hypothesis is proposed that exoelectron emission is controlled by the space charge due to electrons unable to proceed outward of the chink.
Effect of Oxide and Measuring Parameters on the Decay of Photostimulated (Exo)Electron Emission in Vacuum from Plastically Deformed Aluminium (II)
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 337 (1965)
abstract
From considerations relating to the electrically charged walls of micro-chinks in the oxide layer on plastically deformed aluminium in vacuum, a dependence between the decay constant of the first component and the measuring parameters is derived. The steepness (\(\mathrm {tg}\, \alpha \)) of the tangent to the curve in a point \(t\) near \(t = 0\) is considered. It is easily shown that \(\mathrm {tg}\, \alpha \sim \lambda \). The following dependence is derived on the assumption of interaction between the space charge due to the presence of electrically charged chinks and the electrons emitted from the “bottoms” of the chinks: \(\mathrm {tg}\, \alpha \sim \frac {D(\bar {E}_0-\bar {E})}{I^{\beta }}+\lambda _{D=0} \), where \(D\) is the thickness of the oxide layer coating the aluminium sample, \(E_0\) — the effective electric field strength within the micro-chink, \(I\) — the stimulating light intensity, \(\beta \) — an exponent (less than unity), and \(\lambda _{D=0}\) — the decay constant of the first component for \(D = 0\).
Current-voltage Characteristics of a System of Thin Metal–insulator–metal Films
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 343 (1965)
abstract
The current-voltage characteristics of metal–insulator–metal diodes were investigated. Organic dielectrics and CaF2, as well as MgF2, were found to be applicable for the construction of diodes having a region of negative resistance. Note was taken of the influence of the medium (vacuum, air, a liquid dielectric) surrounding the diode on its current–voltage characteristic.
Equations of Motion for a One-point Model of Elementary Particle in an External Gravitational Field
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 349 (1965)
abstract
We consider a point singularity moving in Minkowski space in accordance with the variational principle \(\delta \int ^{\tau _2}_{\tau _1}Ld\tau =0\), where \(\tau \) is the proper time of the particle and \(L\) — the Lagrange function, dependent not only on the four-velocity \(u^{\alpha }\) but moreover on the four-acceleration \(w^{\alpha }\). \(L= -m_0(\sqrt {u_{\lambda }u^{\lambda }}+ {\mit \Lambda }w_{\eta }w^{\eta })\), with \(m_0\), denoting a multiplicative constant and \({\mit \Lambda }\) — a constant involving a characteristic constant length \(l_0\), rendering identical the dimensions of both term of \(L\). It is well-known that the singularity considered can serve as model of an elementary particle whose bivector of spin \(s\) is given by the formula \(s^{\alpha \beta }= 2m_0{\mit \Lambda }(u^{\alpha }w^{\beta }-u^{\beta }w^{\alpha })\). Assuming it as a test particle (that is, neglecting its own gravitational field) we search for its equations of motion in an external gravitational field with metric tensor \(_{\mu \nu }g\). In a first approach, we start from the Euler–Lagrange equations implied by the above stated variational principle, the Lagrangian now being given by the formula \(L = - m_0(\sqrt {g_{\mu \nu }u^{\mu }u^{\nu }}+ {\mit \Lambda }g_{\mu \nu }w^{\mu }w^{\nu }\), where \(w^{\nu } \stackrel {\mathrm {df}}= u^{\lambda }\nabla \, _{\lambda }u^{\nu }\). In a second approach we recur to the picture of an ideal liquid (assuming continuity equations) and start from the well-known principle of least action assuming traditionally action of the field \(S_p=\int \sqrt {-gR^4x}\) and action of matter \(S_\mathrm {int}=\int \sqrt {-gLd^4x}\). Thus we derive both the equations of motion and those of the field (the momentum-energy tensor is symmetric and involves higher derivatives of \(u^{\alpha }\)). The equations of motion derived by the two methods resemble those of a spin (dipolar) particle derived previously by Mathisson. The module of the particle’s spin remains constant, and the Lagranian is a first integral of the equations of motion. The constant \(M\) replacing the mass of the particle in the equations of motion consists of two terms the second of which is the counterpart of Mathisson’s “acceleration energy’’ of the particle.
Über Miyamoto–Wolfsche Vektorpotentiale, die mit der Lösung eines Randwertproblems im Gebiete der Schwingungsgleichung verknüpft sind
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 361 (1965)
abstract
Es wird ein Beweis für die Darstellung des Miyamoto–Wolfschen Vektorpotentials für die Lösung der Schwingungsgleichung für den Fall mitgeteilt, wo in dem Helmholtz–Huygensschen Prinzip eine Greensche Funktion verwendet wird. Es wird ferner gezeigt, wie man die Vektorpotentiale für Beugungsprobleme konstruieren kann, deren Lösungen durch Spiegelung an einer unendlichen Ebene herstellbar sind. Das Vektorpotential für die exakte Lösung des skalaren Sommerfeldschen Beugungsproblems für einen Keil oder Winkelspiegel wird für den Fall einer isotropen, punktförmigen Lichtquelle angegeben. Es wird schliesslich darauf hingewiessen, dass man die Miyamoto–Wolfschen Potentiale eventuell dazu verwenden könnte, um die Beugungswellen von Lösungen exakter Beugungsprobleme in eine solche Gestalt zu transformieren, aus der man die Beiträge der einzelnen Elemente des beugenden Randes zur gesamten Beugungswelle entnehmen kann.
Quasilinear Structure of Luminescence Spectra of Triphenylene in Frozen Crystalline Solutions
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 389 (1965)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 30, 165 (1966)
abstract
Fluorescence and slow fluorescence (phosphorescence) spectra of triphenylene in frozen crysialline \(n\)-alkanes (from \(n\)-pentane to \(n\)-undecane) and cyclohexane were examined at 77°K. In \(n\)-hexane and \(n\)-heptane solutions the spectra show typical quasilinear structure, whereby the narrowest and best resolved lines appear when using the latter solvent. There have been obtained both quasilinear absorption spectra within the range of the first singlet electronic transition of triphenylene molecule and the long wavelength absorption spectra arising from the \(T^*\to T\) absorption. The influence of solvent on the structure and position of spectra was discussed. The vibrational analysis of quasilinear spectra was performed, and the frequencies of \(0-0(S^* \to S\) and \(T\gt S\)) transitions as well as of several vibrations of triphenylene molecule in the ground state and first excited singlet state were determined. In the luminescence spectra of triphenylene, above all, the non-totally symmetric vibrations appear due to which the vibronic transitions become symmetry allowed.
Asymptotic and Threshold Values of the Scattering Amplitudes in Some Static Models
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 407 (1965)
abstract
The asymptotic behaviour of the scattering amplitudes for the neutral pseudoscalar static model and the Chew–Low theory by means of the Phragmen–Lindelof theorem has been investigated. Some informations about the threshold and asymptotic values of the amplitudes with the aid of the argument principle were obtained.
Some Properties of the Forward Scattering Amplitude at High Energies
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 415 (1965)
abstract
The connection between the high-energy behaviour of Re \(T(s, 0)\) and Im \(T(s, 0)\) by means of Phragmén–Lindelöf theorem and argument principle has been considered.
Temperature Dependence of the Effective Magnetic Fields in Spinel Type-ferrites Studied by the Mossbauer Effect
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 423 (1965)
abstract
The effective magnetic fields for the Fe3+ in ferrites; NiFe2O4, CoFe2O4, MnFe2O4 and MgFe2O4 was measured. The average magnetic fields for the two sublattices at 0°K obtained by extrapolation are, in the limit of experimental error, the same for the investigated compounds and amount to about 530 kOe. The temperature dependence of \(H_\mathrm {eff}\) for NiFe2O4 is in good agreement with the Brillouin curve for the average molecular field.
Электрические мультипольные релятивистские радиационные переходы
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 427 (1965)
abstract
Получено выражение для вероятности электрических мультипольных переходов в одноэлектронном релятивистском приближении. Доказывается независимость вероятности от произвольной постоянной, присутствующей в выражении для потенциала фотона в состоянии электрического типа.Fasc. 4, pages 435–567
Influence of Internal Energy and High Hydrostatic Pressure on the Initial Susceptibility of Strained Nickel Sheet
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 435 (1965)
abstract
Elongation in a strained sheet, the magnetic flux density and magnetic field strength were measured simultaneously. The ratio of mechanical and magnetic field work was computed for three different values of the tension. The change in the initial susceptibility of strained nickel sheet was measured versus the hydrostatic pressure. Results are discussed.
On the Scattering of Slow Neutrons by Hydrogen Molecules
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 451 (1965)
abstract
The scattering of slow neutrons by hydrogen molecules is treated on the basis of Fadeev’s equations [4]. In cases when the spin interaction of the neutron and hydrogen molecules is not taken into account and the Fermi’s potential is used, the problem is reduced to the solution of a system of two integral equations.
On Higher-order Molecular Energies
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 459 (1965)
abstract
A consistent and general tensor formalism is developed, allowing to compute easily the higher-order energies arising from various molecular interactions. In the case of interaction between a multipolar molecule and an external, in general inhomogeneous electric or magnetic field, the higher-order energies are calculated from quantum-mechanical perturbation theory to the fourth order approximation inclusively. Also, general expressions for the first, second, third and fourth-order energies of interactions between multipolar unlike molecules of a multi- component system are obtained in a classical picture. The formalism proposed can be of use in computing various effects involving multipole interactions, as shown here on the example of the tensorial part of the excess free energy of multi-component systems.
Influence of \(p\) and \(n\) Type Impurities on Dust Electrification in CdTe
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 477 (1965)
abstract
The electrification of CdTe dust depends on the kind and concentration of impurities introduced into the crystals. The increase of impurities concentration gives rise of the dust electrification. Impurities of \(n\) type cause smaller electrification than impurities of \(p\) type with the same concentration. Smaller electrification of \(n\) type doped CdTe is caused by increase of conductivity.
Effect of Light Intensity on the Decay Curves of Photostimulated (Exo)Electron Emission from Al2O3 Layers on Aluminium
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 483 (1965)
abstract
The shape of the decay curves of photostimulated electron emission from anodic Al2O3 layers is found to depend strongly on the intensity of stimulating light. The experimental curves of emission decay versus the time were approximated by means of a sum of exponentials and the decay constants \(\lambda \) were determined for various intensities of light, leading to a relationship between the decay constants \(\lambda _1\) and the stimulating light intensity of the form \(\lambda _1\sim J^{1/2}\). Moreover, the temperature-dependence of the decay constant was investigated; the relations derived vielded the activation energy \(E\). It is suggested that the decay constant \(\lambda _1\), is proportional to the number of free electrons \(n\) per unit volume of the crystal, whereas the value of \(E\) determined from the temperature-dependence of the decay constant \(\lambda _1\) corresponds to the distance between the Fermi quasi-level and the bottom of the conduction band at a given value of optical excitation.
Field-excited (Exo)Electron Emission from Rochelle Salt Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 491 (1965)
abstract
(Exo)electron emission excited by an externally applied electric field was found to occur from crystalline Rochelle salt specimens and from ceramic samples of the type of barium titanate. Subsequent to polarization in a sufficiently intense electric field, a Rochelle salt specimen becomes a source of exoelectrons without requiring light stimulation. The lowest polarizing voltage \(U_p\), at which exoelectrons begin to be recorded depends univocally on the crystallographical plane parallel to which the specimen has been cut. \(U_p\) is lowest in specimens cut parallel to the plane (100). Its value, as well as the variations in the recorded intensity of exoelectron emission, depend markedly on the previous history of the specimen. The results make it highly plausible that this “emission” is due to surface ionization of the gas wherein the sample is immersed.
Statistical Thermodynamics with Higher Order Temperatures for Ideal Gases of Bosons and Fermions
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 499 (1965)
abstract
Ensemble of identical non-interacting bosons and fermions are discussed from the point of view of generalized thermodynamics with higher order temperatures (Ingarden 1963). The generalized Bose, Fermi and Boltzmann distributions are obtained and applied to the calculation of thermodynamical properties of these gases, whereby the framework of thermodynamical concepts is correspondingly extended.
Diamagnetic Anisotropy of Benzoic Acid Single Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 513 (1965)
abstract
The molecules of benzoic acid in the crystaline state are completely associated to dimers. A dimer of benzoic acid consists of two benzene rings and a third ring given rise to by hydrogen bonds. In order to establish the influence of this third ring on the diamagnetic anisotropy of the dimer, we compare the principal susceptibilities of the latter as computed from magnetic measurements and the structure of the crystal with the principal susceptibilities of linear polyphenyles.
The Second Vibrational State of Even–Even Spherical Nuclei
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 523 (1965)
abstract
The energy of the second vibrational state (the triplet \(0^+, 2^+, 4^+\)) in sphreical even-even nuclei is estimated from the poles of the four-particle Green function. The two-phonon approximation is used taking into account the correction arising from particle–hole interaction. The one-phonon functions are calculated solving the equations given by Belyaev. The energy of the levels of the triplet is calculated numerically for several nuclei with double magic core.
The Regression and Correlation in Scintillation Gamma-ray Spectrometry of Short-lived Radioisotopes
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 533 (1965)
abstract
The formulas are derived for the correlation coefficient and the regression line for counts of the gamma-ray scintillation spectrum of a short-lived radioisotope in two neighbouring (non-covering) channels. The relations derived can be applied in activation analysis for simultaneous measurements involved in the determination of limiting trace contents in samples.
On a Universe Admitting a Four Parameter Group of Motions
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 545 (1965)
abstract
The derivation of a universe admitting a four parameter group of motions is made on the assumption of positive pressure and positive density. Under the circumstances, the stress tensor does show an anisotropy in the pressure.
A Modification of the New Sum Rule
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 551 (1965)
Semi-empirical Formula for the Cross-section for Excitation of Atoms by Electronic Collisions. Optically Allowed Transitions
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 555 (1965)
Relation Between the Lower Limit of Detection of a Radioactivity Counter and the Time of Measurement
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 559 (1965)
A Conjecture on the High Energy Behaviour of Two-particle Scattering Amplitudes
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 563 (1965)
Optimum Two Coil Solenoids
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 567 (1965)
abstract
The problem of two-coil solenoids is discussed. It is shown that, for given coil types, there exist definite dimensions of the coils, giving the maximum field intensity.Fasc. 5, pages 575–729
Quantum Statistics in the Statistical Model of Multiple Production of Particles
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 575 (1965)
abstract
It is shown that the normalization volume (\(V_2\)) which is arbitrary when using the standard versions of the statistical model can be determined from experiment, when quantum statistics are applied to the particles. \(V_2\to \infty \) corresponds to the classical slimit of quantum statistics. Then in the thermodynamic limit Boltzmann’s formula should be used. The use of Planck’s formula is unjustified. If \(V_2\) is finite and such that Planck’s formula applies for average multiplicities, Finstein’s condensation should be observed for high multiplicities. The absence of a significant surplus of very low energy pions in high multiplicity events yields a lower bound for \(V_2\). The isospin factor can be separated from the phase spacefactor only in the classical limit.
Equations of Motion of a Relativistic Bi-point Model of Free Elementary Particle in an External Gravitational Field
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 585 (1965)
abstract
We consider a particle characterized by its rest mass \(m_0\), coordinates \(x^{\alpha }\) and a vector \(r^{\alpha }\) related to the coordinates, assuming it to be space-like of constant spatial length \(l\) in the own reference system of the particle. Motion in Minkowski space is assumed to be determined by the variational principle \(\delta \int \limits ^{\tau _2}_{\tau _1}Ld\tau = 0\), where \(\tau \) is the proper time of the particle and the Lagrangian \(L\) is given by \(L = - m_0 c\left (\sqrt {u_{\lambda }u^{\lambda }}\right )+\sqrt {-\dot {r}_{\lambda }\dot {r}^{\lambda }}\). Moreover, \(c\) is the velocity of light, \(u^{\lambda }\) — the four-velocity, \(\dot {r}_{\lambda }\stackrel {\mathrm {df}}=\frac {dr_{\lambda }}{d\tau }\) and \({\mit \Lambda }\) — Lagrange’s factor to be determined from the equations of motion …
Spin Wave Theory with Interaction for a Cubic Ferrimagnetic
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 599 (1965)
abstract
A spin wave theory with both kinematical and dynamical interactions for a cubic ferrimagnet is proposed. The procedure of deriving the kinematical corrections is given and kinematical interaction is shown to contribute exponentially small terms to the partition function at low temperatures. Dynamical interaction contributes similarly, although the effect of the latter is somewhat larger. Thus, theories using the diagonalized Hamiltonian only are fully justified.
Uncertainty Relation Between Time and Energy
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 631 (1965)
abstract
On the example of a “thought-experiment’’ proposed by Einstein and analyzed by Bohr, we reconsider the uncertainty relation between time and energy and propose another point of view with regard to that experiment. The main idea consists here in the recognition of the uncertainty relations as an intrinsic property of physical geometry. Thus the uncertainty relations should appear as representing the general nature of the metrical relations of all physical objects rather than a complementary characteristic of our cognition, as Bohr regards them.
High Energy Asymptotic Expansion for a Sum of Phase Space Integrals
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 639 (1965)
abstract
A rigorous, asymptotic, high energy expansion is found for \(\sum =\sum \limits ^{\infty }_{n=2}P(n,E)\), where \(P(n, E)\) is the phase space integral for n indistinguishable pions at a centre-of-mass energy \(E\). There are two expansion parameters: \(x = (24\pi {\mit \Omega }2E^3)^{-1/4}\) and \(y = (24\pi {\mit \Omega }m^4/E)^{1/2}\), where \({\mit \Omega }\) is the interaction volume divided by \((2\pi )^3\) and \(m\) is the pion rest mass. The zero order term of the expansion yields the thermodynamic approximation: a Boltzmann formula. The first order approximation reproduces for \(y = 0\) the result of Auberson and Escoubés (1965). Three higher order terms are evaluated and, for \({\mit \Omega } = \frac {4}{3}\pi (2\pi m)^{-3}\) and \(E = 5\) BeV, it is found that they reduce the sum by about 20 per cent. Effects of isospin are also discussed.
Über die anomale stokessche Rotverschiebung der Absorptions- und Fluoreszenzmaxima von 4-Aminophthalimid in Mischungen aus Dioxan und Wasser
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 647 (1965)
abstract
Es wird der Einfluss der Lösungsmittelmischung, die aus einer polaren (Wasser) und einer unpolaren (Dioxan) Komponente besteht, auf die Verschiebung der Absorptions- und Fluoreszenzbanden von 4-Aminophthalimid untersucht und mit der Theorie verglichen. Es wurde gezeigt, dass die Theorie des Einflusses von verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln auf die Elektronenspektren der gelösten Moleküle, auch im Falle des Einflusses von Lösungsmittelmischungen, die aus einer polaren und unpolaren Komponente bestehen, gut erfüllt ist. Auf Grund der Vergleichung der experimentellen Daten mit der Theorie besteht die Möglichkeit das Dipolmoment des Anregungszustandes von 4-Aminophthalimid zu bestimmen, wenn keine spezifischen Lösungsmittelefekte vorliegen.
On the Phenomenological Theory of Galvanomagnetic Effects in Semiconductors
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 653 (1965)
abstract
This paper deals with some aspects of the phenomenological theory of galvanomagnetic effects in semiconductors, namely the Hall effect and magnetoresistivity, in the case when the influence of scatterings between carriers \(e\)–\(e\) scatterings is also considered.
Approximate Solution for Flow of a Compressible Fluid About a Circular Cylinder
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 663 (1965)
abstract
A solution is proposed for the problem of flow of a compressible fluid about a circular cylinder at \(M \lt 1\) by applying the so-called method of small parameter. The latter permits to find the flow at prescribed contour, in contradistinction to other methods where the flow has 1o be prescribed and the solution yields e.g. the contour of the body about which flow takes place. With insignificant modifications, the present method can be applied to both plane and three-dimensional flow about bodies symmetrical with respect to the \(x\)-axis.
Kundt’s Dust Figures in Unharmonic Sound Fields
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 671 (1965)
abstract
It is shown that Kundt’s dust figures may take rather different shapes depending on the wave form of the air vibrations of a given frequency. The unharmonic sound fields were excited by a loudspeaker energized by alternating currents from two \(L.F.\) oscillation generators the ratio of the component frequencies being 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5.
Proton Spin-lattice Relaxation in Liquid and Vapour Phase of Hydrogen Sulphide
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 673 (1965)
abstract
Proton spin-lattice relaxation time \(T_1\) in liquid H2S and in a H2S\(\cdot \)D2S mixture containing volume fraction 0.472 of H2S were measured within the range of temperature from the melting point to the critical point and in the saturated vapour phase from 35°C to 104°C. In both liquid \(T_1\) increases at low temperatures and decreases at temperatures higher than 0°C. The predominating role of dipolar relaxation in the liquid at low temperatures is demonstrated. In the saturated vapour phase the ratio of \(T_1\) to density is found to be proportional to \(T^{4.2}\).
On the Thermostimulated Exoelectron Emission from Hydrates, as Detected in Atmospheric Air
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 681 (1965)
abstract
An open point counter with quenching vapour over a free liquid surface was used in investigations of exoelectron emission from the following crystalline hydrates in the process of bonding and losing water molecules: C20H24O2H2 H2S04\(\cdot \)8H2O, Na2CO3\(\cdot \) 10H2O, NiSO4\(\cdot \) 7H2O, CuSO4 \(\cdot \) 5H2O, MgSO4 \(\cdot \) 7H2O, FeSO4 \(\cdot \) 7H2O. Emission of exoelectrons into an atmosphere of air was observed to occur only from quinine sulphate. Irradiation of previously dehydrated hydrates with UV radiation as well as with \(\alpha \) and \(\beta \) particles failed to excite the samples to emit exoelectrons when heated in an atmosphere of air.
The Role of Bulk Recombination in the Field-effect in Illuminated CdS Single Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 689 (1965)
abstract
Field-effect mobility in illuminated CdS single crystals is by several orders of magnitude smaller than the carrier (electron) mobility and augments with increasing of light-induced conductivity. This can be explained on the basis of 2 model which takes into account relaxation effects in an \(RC\)-system together with recombination of light-excited holes with volume centres. Comparison between the simple theory and experiment permits to determine the majority carrier (electron) lifetime in photoconducting CdS.
The Rainich Geometrization of Fermion Fields
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 695 (1965)
abstract
The Rainich problem is formulated within Sciama’s and Kibble’s version of the generally relativistic theory of gravitation and solved for the Dirac bispinor and the Weyl spinor fields. The Rainich equations are given a form of algebraic and differential equations for the canonical energy-momentum tensor and the spin density tensor, which are already geometrized by Kibble’s gravitational laws. It is the direct geometrical interpretation of the spin density tensor in terms of torsion, which enables the complete Rainich geometrization of fundamental fermion fields.
Emission Anisotropy and Decay of Fluorescence of Solutions
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 717 (1965)
abstract
The simultaneous effect of two depolarizing factors, viz. torsional vibrations of luminescent molecules and their thermal rotations, on the emission anisotropy of fluorescence of isotropic solutions is considered and some related phenomena are discussed. The problem was already treated in earlier papers where, however, the two effects were dealt with separately or else the simplifying assumptions on which the treatment was based were rougher than those made in the present paper. In particular, thermal rotations of luminescent molecules with their solvation shell are now treated (following the more refined on the two versions of Perrin’s theory) as Brownian rotations of ellipsoidal particles, whereas their shape in almost all former papers was assumed (in accordance with the simpler version of Perrin’s theory) to be spherical. It is shown that an expression derived many years ago (Eq. (3) of the text), giving the value of the fundamental emission anisotropy resulting from mutual orientation and anisotropy of absorption and emission virtual oscillators involved, can also yield that emission anisotropy as affected by depolarizing factors. The torsional vibrations of luminescen molecules cause a linear as well as a plane oscillator to become equivalent to a spatial one, thus affecting the value of the emission anisotropy. The latter is further affected by Brownian rotations of luminescent molecules. By means of Eq. (3) expressions are obtained (Section 2) for the time (\(t\)) dependence of emission anisotropy \(r(t)\) following excitation by a very short light pulse, the emission anisotropy r resulting from steady illumination with the primary light, the decay of \(I^{\parallel }(t)\) and \(I^{\perp }(t)\) and the mean duration \(\tau ^{\parallel }\) and \(\tau ^{\perp }\) of the fluorescence components parallel and perpendicular to the electric vector of the primary light, respectively. Section 3 is devoted to the problem of the dependence of \(\bar {r}\) on the frequency of the primary light (effect produced by “initial shock”). Some remarks concerning the problems under discussion are added (Section 4).
(Exo)Electron Emission from Laser-ruby Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 729 (1965)
Fasc. 6, pages 737–933
Über eine einfache Ableitung des mit der Losung des Sommerfeldschen Beugungsproblems verknupften Vektorpotentials
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 737 (1965)
abstract
Es wird gezeigt, wie man ausgehend von dem Vektorpotential, das mit der Wellenbewegung einer isotropen Kugelwelle im unbegrenzten Raume verknüpft ist, auf einem einfachen und kurzen Wege und ohne jede Rechenarbeit das Vektorpotential fiir die verzweigte Losung des Sommerfeldschen Beugungsproblems am Keil oder Winkelspiegel angeben kann.
Bootstrap Method and Regge Poles
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 749 (1965)
abstract
A “bootstrap” method is proposed where the resonances are treated as Regge poles. The Khuri representation is used to describe the contribution from Regge poles. This enables us to factorize the threshold behaviour of the partial wave amplitude in such a way that its asymptotic behaviour is not spoiled. The unphysical singularities of the so obtained reduced partial wave amplitude are determined by the contributions from the crossed-channel Regge poles. An approximate method is described to calculate these contributions. The possibility of application of this method in a scheme of new form of the strip approximation is discussed.
\(Q\)-values and Cross-sections Measurements of the (\(n, a\)) Reaction on Some Nuclei
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 763 (1965)
abstract
The Q-values of the (\(n, \alpha \)) reaction were measured for 1780, 3216S, 3210S, 3919K, 4020Ca and 4320Ca, using the emulsion technique. The (\(Q\)-values were found as follows 178O, \(2.76\pm 0.12\) MeV; 3216S, \(1.80_5\pm 0.11\) MeV; 3316S, \(3.62\pm 0.22\) MeV; 335, <1.04 MeV; (for the (\(n, \alpha \)) reaction producing the first excited level of 3014Si); 3919K, \(1.26\pm 0.16\) MeV; 4020Ca, 1.76 MeV; 4320Ca, 3.63 MeV …
Магнетосопротивление монокристаллов железа в нолях насыщения. I. остаточное сопротивление
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 777 (1965)
abstract
Исследовано влияние магнитного поля на электрическое остаточное сопротивление нитевидных монокрсталлов железа. В продольном магнитном поле наблюдается уменьшение сопротивления, связанное с процессом намагничения. В поперечном поле сопротиление изменяется разнообразно.
К вопросу о неупругом рассеянии сложных ядер с больыними зарядами
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 783 (1965)
abstract
Рассмотрено влияие динамической деформации на процесс неупругого рассеяния сложных ядер.
On Functional Formulation of the \(S\)-matrix Theory, Part II. Generalization to Spin 1/2 Particles
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 789 (1965)
abstract
The functional formulation of the \(S\)-matrix theory developee in [1], [2] and [3] for the case of scalar functions is extended in this paper to the case of spinor functions.
Untersuchungen der anomalen stokesschen Rotverschiebung der Absorptions- und Fluoreszenzspektren von 4-aminophthalimid in Abhängigkeit Vom Mischungsverhältnis der Unpolaren und Polaren Lösungsmitteln
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 809 (1965)
abstract
Es wurden die Wellenzahlverschiebungen der Absorptions- und Fluoreszenzmaxima von 4-Aminophtalimid vom Mischungsverhältnis von Lösungsmittelmischungen die aus einer unpolaren und polaren Komponente bestehen, gemessen. Als Lösungsmittelmischungen von bekannten Dielektrizitätskonstanten und Brechungsindexe wurden gewählt: Benzol \(+\) Methanol (l), Tetrachlorkohlenstof \(+\) Aceton (II), Benzol \(+\) Chloroform (III) und Tetrachlorkohlenstoff \(+\) Chloroform (IV). Nur im Falle der Mischungen III und IV wenn keine spezifischen Lösungsmittelefekte vorliegen, können die erhaltenen Messergehnisse für 4-Aminophthalimid mit der Theorie des EinAusses von verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln auf die Elektronenspektren der gelösten Moleküle verglichen werden, und daraus das Dipoltnoment von 4-Aminophtalimid im angeregten Zustand bestimmt Werden. Aus dem Lösmigsmittelmisehungsedekt wurde das Dipolmoment im Anregungszustand zu 6,8 Debye und der Winkel \(\varphi \) zwischen den Dipolmomenten im Grund- und Angreungszustand zu \(16^{\circ }\) bestimmt. Dagegen im Falle der Mischungen I stimmen die Messergebnisse mit den Theorie nicht überein. Die starke Abweichung der Versuchsergehnisse von der Theorie kann durch die spezifische Lösungsmittelefekte erklärt werden.
Reflection and Refraction Properties of Partially Coherent Light
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 823 (1965)
see erratum: Acta Physica Polonica 29, 919 (1966)
abstract
The present results are based on the vector formulation of the correlation theory of stationary electromagnetic fields. Of interest is what happens to the correlation between optical disturbances in the processes of reflection and refraction. It is found the correlation tensors associated with the reflected and transmitted waves satisfy formulae corresponding to those of Fresnel. Using the concept of electromagnetic degree of coherence introduced by Karczewski in 1963 it is shown that completely incoherent light may become partially coherent on being reflected or refracted.
Influence of a Magnetic Ripple on the Reversible Susceptibility of Thin Permalloy Films
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 833 (1965)
abstract
Taking into account magnetization fluctuations, a corrected formula for the reversible susceptibility (measured along the hard axis) is derived as follows: \(\kappa =M_S\left [H+H_U- \frac {gK^2D^{5/2}}{8\pi \sqrt {2U^{1/4}(h-1)^{1/4}A^{5/4}}}\right ]^{-1}\) , where \(H\) is a d.c. magnetic field applied along the easy axis. The above formula is valid under the assumption of sine-like oscillations of the magnetization vector and agreement with the experimental data is rather good.
Darstellung der Sommerfeldschen Beugungswelle in einer Gestalt, die die Beiträge der einzelnen Elemente der beugenden Kante zur gesamten Beugungswelle erkennen lässt
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 841 (1965)
abstract
Mit Hilfe des Vektorpotentials, das zum skalaren sommerfeldschen Beugungsproblem an einem Keil oder Winkelspiegel gehört, wird die in diesem Problem auftretende Beugungswelle in einer neuen Gestalt angegeben, die die Beiträge der einzelnen Elemente der beugenden Kante zur gesamten Beugungswelle erkennen lässt. Diese Beiträge sind Lösungen der Sehwingungsgleichung \(\mit {\Delta } u+k^2 u = 0\), so dass man annehmen kann, dass sie durch eine Zerstreuung der einfallenden Lichtwelle an der Keil- oder Winkelspiegelkante entstehen. Sie Sind also physikalisch interpretierbar. Die angegebene Darstellung der Beugungswelle ermöglicht auch die Anwendung der eindimensionalen Methode der stationären Phase mit deren Hilfe man den Punkt der beugenden Kante angeben kann, dessen nächste Umgebung den hauptsächlichsten Beitrag zur gesamten Beugungswelle in einem gegebenen Beobachtungspunkte liefert. Dieser Punkt ist so gelegen, dass man die Entstehung dieses Beitrages durch eine Reflexion des einfallenden Lichtes an der beugenden Kante deuten kann.
On the Validity of Martin’s Physical Sum Rule for the Forward Scattering Amplitude
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 861 (1965)
abstract
The necessary condition for Martin’s physical sum rule to be true is given.
New Restriction on the Forward Scattering Amplitude in Local Field Theory
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 865 (1965)
abstract
From the general properties of the forward (symmetrized) scattering amplitude in local field theory an integral equality is derived which must be fulfilled by the scattering amplitude. Some applications for the case of \(\pi ^{\pm }-p\) scattering are given.
Bond and Molecular Polarizabilities in Some Linear and Nonlinear Triatomic Molecules
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 869 (1965)
abstract
The electronic configurations of carbon dioxide, carbon disulphide, carbon diselenide, carbonyl sulphide, carbonyl selenide, carbon sulphoselenide, carbon sulphotelluride, ozone, sulphur dioxide and selenium dioxide have been briefly studied in accordance with the Lewis–Langmuir octet rule modified by Linnett as a double-quartet of electrons. Bond and molecular polarizabilities have been computed by the method of Lippincott–Stutman employing the delta-function model of chemical binding. The calculated values of the molecular polarizabilities are in good agreement with the available experimental values. The \(\pi \) and \(\sigma \) electrons do not make equal contributions to the bond parallel component of the polarizability.
Mean Amplitudes of Vibration in Some XX4s, Ions of Regular Tetrahedral Symmetry
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 875 (1965)
abstract
Employing the Cyvin method of utilizing the symmetry coordinates, mean-square amplitude quantities, generalized mean-square amplitudes (mean-square parallel amplitudes, mean-square perpendicular amplitudes and mean cross products) and mean amplitudes of vibration for the bonded as well as nonbonded atom pairs at the temperatures \(T = 298\)°K and \(T = 500\)°K have been computed for the BF4-, AlCl4-, PCl4+, PB4+, AsS4- - - and SbS4- - - ions possessing a tetrahedral symmetry. A brief discussion of the results has been made in relation to other ions and molecules having similar chemical bonds.
Non-static Spherically Symmetric Clusters of Particles in General Relativity-II
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 883 (1965)
abstract
The case of a non-stationary cluster of particles moving freely under the influence of the gravitational field produced by all of them together is discussed on the basis of the equations of general relativity. The gravitating mass of the cluster has been shown to be equal to the sum of the particle masses in the limizting case.
Method of Evaluating the Dipole Moments of Multimers and Complexes
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 891 (1965)
abstract
A method is proposed permitting to determine the values of dipole moments of various multimers and complexes from experimental data obtained for solutions involving the existence of a mixture of intermolecular assemblages. Moreover, the method allows to determine their concentrations versus that of the substance investigated in solution, the values of their dipole moments in the ionized state of the hydrogen bridge (with proton displaced), as well as the difference in energy between the ionized and normal states. The method is applied to solutions of \(o\)-chlorophenol in hexane and of 2,3-butanediol in benzene.
Calculation of Oscillator Strengths of \(N\to V_1\) Transition in Conjugated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Basis of the SC LCAO MO’S
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 903 (1965)
abstract
The SC LCAO MO method predicts oscillator strengths of the \(N\to V_1\) transition which are at least twice as large as the experimental ones. This is much better than according to the standard Hiickel method. It is shown, that a further improvement can be obtained by a perturbational mixing of the ground state with the first doubly excited state and a limited configuration interaction of the first singly excited state with other singly excited states. In this way a very good agreement with experiment was obtained.
The Scattering of Low Energetic Electrons by Atoms Calculated by the Variational Method of Kohn
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 909 (1965)
abstract
In this paper using the Gaspar’s potential and the variational method of Kohn, there have been calculated the phase-shifts as well as the total elastic cross-section of low energetic electron scattering by several atoms. The numerical values for phase-shifts and the total elastic cross-section are illustrated by tables and graphs.
Dust Electrification of KCl, KBr and KJ Monocrystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 919 (1965)
abstract
As a result of the dust electrification measurements performed for the dusts made of the KCl, KBr and KJ monocrystals, the dependence of electrification on the binding energy and lattice constant has been observed. The biggest electrification exhibits the KJ dust, the least one, the KCl dust. The increase of the binding energy and decrease of the lattice constant cause the decrease of the dust electrification.
Über den Operator der numerischen Exzentrizität
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 923 (1965)
abstract
Bei der Lösung von Eigenwertproblemen mit Hilfe einer Separation von Variablen treten Separationsparameter auf, die quantisierte Werte besitzen. Ihnen entsprechen im allgemeinen leicht herstellbare Operatoren, deren Eigenwerte sie darstellen. Ein solcher quantisierter Separationsparameter tritt auch bei dem Energie-Eigenwertproblem des Einelektronenatoms in dem Falle eines rein Coulombschen Feldes auf, wenn die Separation in parabolischen Koordinaten vollzogen wird. Es wird gezeigt, dass dieser Separationsparameter einem Operator \(\hat {B}_x\), entspricht, der, bis auf eine multiplikative Konstante, als der Operator der numerischen Exzentrizität \(\hat {\varepsilon }_x\), anzusehen ist. Seine mit 3/4 multiplizierten Eigenwerte geben für die erwähnten Quantenzustände des Einelektronenatoms die Entfernung des Ladungsmittelpunktes der Elektronenwolke vom Kern an, gemessen in Einheiten \(2\alpha _n\) der grossen Achse der Bahnellipse. \(\hat {\varepsilon }_x\) kann jedoch nicht durch den Operator des Ladungsmittelpunktes ersetzt werden, da dies für einen Quantenzustand nicht mehr zutrifft, der durch eine Superposition der in Rede stehenden Quantenzustände erhalten wird. Eine Verallgemeinerung des Operators \(\hat {\varepsilon }_x\) erhält man für den Separationsparameter, der im Falle des Starkeffektes eines Einelektronenatoms bei Verwendung parabolischer Koordinaten auftritt.
Angular Momentum Conservation in the Statistical Model of the Multiple Production of Particles
Acta Phys. Pol. 28, 933 (1965)