The key ingredients of Dirac’s constraint formalism are reviewed. Some important properties of general gauge theories are indicated. The canonical quantization of gauge theories, both within the operator approach and in terms of Feynman path integrals, is described. The most general setting for the covariant quantization procedure, given by Fradkin and Vilkovisky, is presented.
I briefly review the ideas of grand unification and the hot big bang which together suggest that the universe underwent a series of phase transitions in its early history. I then discuss the nature of these phase transitions and the structures produced at them — domain walls, which can normally be excluded, strings, which might form the basis of a theory of galaxy formation, and monopoles, for which the problem is to prevent an over-abundance.
A Fokker–Planck type of equation is applied to the simultaneous dynamic treatment of kinetic energy, mass and charge in the fission process of \(^{236}\)U. Calculated results are compared with experimental values.
The spin symmetry energy, \(\varepsilon _{\sigma }\), of a hard core neutron and nuclear matter is expanded in powers of \(x = k_{{\rm F}^C}\) (\(k_{\rm F} =\) Fermi momentum, \(c\) = hard core radius). Coefficients of the expansion are calculated for all terms up to those \(\sim x^3\).
The alpha-gamma correlations have been measured between the \(\alpha \)-particles inelastically scattered to the 1.78, 4.62, 4.98, 6.28, 7.38 and 7.80 MeV excited states in \(^{28}\)Si and the gamma rays corresponding to the first excited–ground state transition. The incident \(\alpha \)-particle energies were 24, 26, 27 and 27.5 MeV. The analysis of the correlation functions and inelastic scattering cross-sections were performed in terms of the statistical and direct reaction models. Hauser–Feshbach, Coupled Channels and DWBA type of calculations were carried out and conclusions concerning reaction mechanism are given.
A new “zero quantization” is introduced by taking, as its basic kets, four orthogonal directions \(\mu =1,2,3,4\) in a complex space-time. The “wave function” of the zero quantization \(\psi (\mu )\) becomes a complex Fermi “field” of the first quantization. Then it defines \(2\times 15\) Hermitian matrices generating the group SU(2,2)\(\times \)SU(4), where the first factor is the usual conformal group related to the spin 1/2 and other Dirac degrees of freedom; whereas the second describes new internal degrees of freedom giving 4 fermionic eigenstates possibly interpreted as 4 generations. So, through a quantization procedure, we relate the Dirac spin and fermionic generations to the notion of direction in the complex space-time.
