Vol. XXXI (1967)
Fasc. 1, pages 3–197
On The Relation Between the Electric Conduction Current and Electroluminescence in Liquid Scintillators
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 3 (1967)
abstract
The dependence of the conduction current and electroluminescence intensity on time in dielectric scintillator liquids has been investigated. The results have been discussed basing on experimental data in this domain known so far. On the basis of these considerations the dependence between the intensity of electroluminescence and electric field strength has been described by the equation \[ {\mit \Phi }(E_c) = PE_c \exp \left (-\frac {G}{E_c}\right )\,,\] where \(P\) and \(G\) are constants, \(E_c\) is the electric field strength at the cathode. This relation is fulfilled in the field strength range preceding the avalanche increase of the number of current carriers before breakdown in the liquid.
Exciton–Phonon Coupling in Linear Molecular Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 13 (1967)
abstract
The exciton-phonon Hamiltonian in linear molecular crystals is shown to lead to effective interaction between fermion-like excitons. Some consequences of this interaction concerning properties of paramagnetic solid free radicals are discussed.
Causality Condition on the Mass Shell
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 19 (1967)
abstract
In this paper a formulation of the principles of the \(S\)-matrix theory is attempted which contains the on mass shell \(S\)-matrix elements only. The basis for this formulation is the genera- ting functional for the \(S\)-matrix elements (Section 2). Classes of equivalent functionals which are equal on the mass shell are introduced in Section 3. Some examples are treated in Section 4. The conditions of relativistic invariance and unitarity are formulated on mass shell in Section 5. Two approaches to the problem of causality condition on mass shell are presented in Section 6 and 7.
On the Lower Limit of Transverse Momentum and Four-momentum Transfer of Recoil Protons in Nucleon–Nucleon Interactions of Energies above \(10^{12}\)eV
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 33 (1967)
abstract
The purpose of the paper was the determination of transverse momenta and four-momentum transfers of recoil protons in nucleon-nucleon interactions of ultra high energy on the basis of kinematical analysis of angular distributions of secondaries in cosmic ray jets. The method applied consisted in calculating the transverse momentum for all relativistic tracks assuming that the given track is due to a proton and in the selection of the smallest value out of all possible values of \(p_{\perp }\). In spite of this tendency to minimize the transverse momentum a distribution of \(p_{\perp }\) with high mean value of 1.3 GeV/\(c\) was obtained. In connection with this also high values of four-momentum transfer were obtained, of the order of a few GeV/\(c\). An analysis of grey and black prongs was also carried out which showed that only very few of them may be tracks of recoil protons. In the paper no particular model for multiple production was used; the knowledge of primary energy was also not necessary.
Differentiale der Seidelschen Aberrationen Nach Linsendicken und Luftabstanden in Beliebigen Optischen Systemen und Ihre Anwendung Bei Untersuchung Eines Symmetrischen Pankratischen Dreilinsers
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 41 (1967)
abstract
Es werden einfache Formeln für Ableitungen Seidelschen Koeffizienten nach Linsendicken und Luftabständen beschrieben. Die Formeln enthalten Summen der Seidelschen Koeffizienten und Winkelkoordinaten der beiden Hilfsstrahlen (des Apertur — und Blendenstrahles). Als Beispiel der Anwendungen wird die Stabilität der Aberrationen dritter Ordnung eines symmetrischen pankratischen Dreilinsers (Zoom) untersucht.
On the Magnetic Properties of the \(^{171}\)Tm Nucleus
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 51 (1967)
abstract
The available experimental data on the magnetic properties of the ground state \(K = 1/2\) rotational band of the \(^{171}\)Tm nucleus are analysed in terms of of the effective spin \(g\)-factors. It is shown that these data can be explained by taking into account a spin polarization of the even core by the odd proton, if the transverse spin polarization is different from the longitudinal one.
Some Remarks on Dielectric–Conductor Mixtures Behaviour in Microwave Region
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 57 (1967)
abstract
Several problems concerning properties of mixtures of a dielectric and good conductor are discussed. Theoretical curves for calculation of magnetic complex permeability of a mixture are presented. This paper is to some extent a continuation of a previous one published in Proceedings of XI Colloque Ampere in 1963 [1].
The Formulation of Quantum Electrodynamics with Strong Lorentz Condition. I. Heisenberg Picture
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 63 (1967)
abstract
The class of formulations of QED with nonvanishing four-divergence operator \(A_{\mu }^{\mu }\) is investigated. We assume that the operator \(A_{\mu }^{\mu }\) is a generalized free field with indefinite metric, containing poles of arbitrary order. Unitary transformation, which eliminates the longitudinal part from the four-potential and allows imposing of the strong Lorentz condition is explicitly introduced. In modified picture remains only gauge-invariant operators, and the gauge dependence is transferred onto the state vector. The gauge modes we describe by means of functional parameter, which in calculations of physical processes can be kept fixed. The consistency of strong operator conditions with canonical formalism is discussed, and common features with the formalism describing gauge transformations of third kind are pointed out. For the completeness of our considerations the radiation gauge formulation, with Coulomb interaction separated, by means of a second transformation is obtained.
On the Ground State Properties of Five-membered Heterocycles Containing Nitrogen
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 95 (1967)
abstract
Generalized Free Electron Molecular Orbital method (G-FEMO) was applied for the calculations of the ground state properties of some five-membered one ring heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen (i.e. pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, triazoles, tetrazoles, pentazole and their parent molecule cyclopentadiene). The calculations were performed with the use of few empirical parameters (the number of empirical parameters is equal to the number of different types of atoms in the conjugated system only) for the ionization potentials, dipole moments, and some chemical reactivity indices. The results were compared with the HMO (Hückel Molecular Orbital) calculations and with the experimental data. This comparison indicates that the G-FEMO method gives good description of the ground state properties of the conjugated systems containing heteroatoms and the results of both methods are equivalent.
A Theoretical Study of the Resonance Fluorescence of Alkali Metal Vapours Pumped Optically under Conditions of Magnetic Resonance in the Ground State
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 107 (1967)
abstract
The investigation is a theoretical concerning the possibility of the appearance of modulation of the resonance fluorescence of the atoms of alkali metals pumped optically in a steady magnetic field and exposed to magnetic resonance in the ground state, and the conditions under which it should appear. The partial decoupling of nuclear spin \(I\) from electron spin \(J\) was taken into consideration in the calculation, and “broad line” excitation was assumed as regard the hyperfine structure. According to the statements of the theory, modulation components with a resonance radio field frequency w ought to appear in the case of magnetic transitions with \(\Delta m =1\) as well as \(\Delta m = 2\). In the later case a modulation with harmonic frequency \(2\omega \) is also expected. The dependence of the effect on the intensity of the steady field and the radio field as well as its polarization characteristics is given.
On the Spin Wave Theory of Anisotropic Heisenberg Ferromagnets
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 131 (1967)
abstract
A generalization of Dyson’s spin wave formalism is proposed for the case of anisotropic spin Hamiltonians, on the ground that the state of complete saturation known to be the exact state of an isotropic spin Hamiltonian fails to be an eigenstate of the problem if anisotropic interactions are present. Also, the state of complete saturation is hardly an adequate approximation of the ground state of an anisotropic ferromagnet, as the typical distribution of the magnetization vector in actual ferromagnetic crystals below the Curie temerature manifests itself in a specific domain structure. To take account of these facts, a wide class of spin representations is introduced which is generated from the standard one by applying a unitary transformation that corresponds to arbitrary inhomogeneous rotations of the lattice spins. The Hamiltonian is assumed bilinear in the spin operators, neither the interaction tensors nor the crystal lattice being specified. Upon passing to Bose operators acting in the reciprocal lattice (Dyson’s ideal spin waves), the conditions are derived and studied under which the bilinear part of the Hamiltonian can be diagonalized, by means of the general Bogolyubov transformation.
Methodes de perturbation et de perturbation-variation generalisses
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 143 (1967)
abstract
Des généralisations de méthodes de perturbations sont présentées et leur association avec des méthodes variationnelles est réalisée par un formalisme d’analyse tensorielle. Le calcul de l’énergie perturbée au \(2^\mathrm {ème}\) ordre, et même plus, est ainsi rendu possible.
Vibronic Coupling-temperature Effect in Weak Coupling Limit
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 153 (1967)
abstract
The temperature dependence of excitation jumping frequency between moieties of dimer for weak coupling limit is calculated. The influence of force constant on jumping frequency is discussed.
Diffracted Electromagnetic Wave in the Theory of Kottler
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 163 (1967)
abstract
On the basis of the Kottler electromagnetic theory of diffraction approximate formulas for the electromagnetic diffraction wave at arbitrary observation point behind the screen have been given.
Experimental Investigations on the Modulation Effects in Sodium Resonance Fluorescence [I]
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 173 (1967)
abstract
The alternating components (modulation) in the resonance fluorescence of sodium vapors pumped optically in a steady magnetic field (about 10 Oe) under conditions of magnetic resonance in the ground state were investigated in the laboratory. Modulation with a radio field frequency (about 10 Mc/sec) appears in the case of magnetic transitions with \(\Delta m = 1\) as well as \(\Delta m = 2\). In the latter case a modulation with harmonic frequency \(2\omega _{rf}\) also appears. The resonance line connected with the latter modulation is shifted. The magnitude of this shift depends on the intensity of the radio field. Fluorescence modulation with a given frequency always includes two components: a dispersion component and a Lorentzian component shifted in phase by \(\pi /2\). ‘The dependence of the effects on the intensity of the steady magnetic field and on the radio frequency field, as well as the polarization characteristics proved to be almost exactly the same as that foreseen by the theory.
Initial Susceptibility of Thin Composite Magnetic Films
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 191 (1967)
abstract
It has been shown, that dual uniaxial films composed of two uniaxial anisotropic layers with the orthogonal easy axes may be characterized by additional biaxial anisotropy terms. The rotatable initial susceptibility is explained by including these terms due to the exchange coupling between layers and the agreement with the experimental results is rather good.
Angular Correlation of Annihilation Quanta in the Investigation of the Electronic Structure of d-Transition Metals
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 197 (1967)
abstract
The angular correlation of the directions of annihilation quanta derived from the two-photon disintegration of the couple “electron–positron” for 23 \(d\)-transition metals of the iron, palladium and platinum group as well as for noble metals was measured. Numerical differentiation of the angular correlation curves enabled to obtain the absolute momentum values of annihilating electrons. The number of conductivity electrons per atom for the studied metals was then defined on the basis of a model of the ideal gas of free electrons. The same data were also obtained by another method based on the approximation of the angular distributions obtained directly from experiment with Fermi’s parabelas. In this method, it appeared necessary for some elements to separate the component corresponding to the annihilation on the bound electrons of atomic nuclei. The results obtained for metals of the III\(b\)–VII\(b\) groups are in agreement with the values suggested by other authors with possible exception of the last elements from the third long period. The results obtained for the majority of the VIIIth group metals are in general agreement with contemporary views on their electronic structure. The controversial results obtained for the VIII\(b_1\) subgroup have been discussed. For all the three noble metals one conductivity electron per atom was obtained.Fasc. 2, pages 231–437
Thermodynamic Approximation for Transverse Momentum Distribution of Secondary Pions
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 231 (1967)
abstract
The formulae for the transverse momentum distribution based on the thermodynamic approximation of phase-space integrals are applied to \(\pi ^-p\) interactions at 10 GeV. It is shown that the thermodynamic approximation with the correction of the order of \(n^{-1}\) agrees very well with the experimental data. The agreement is much better than for the transverse momentum distributions proposed up to now.
Electron-impurity Interactions. I. One-particle Evolution Equations
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 241 (1967)
abstract
In this series of publications an attempt is made to compare various evolution and master equations governing the time evolution of a dynamical system. A model system of non-interacting with each other electrons in interaction with randomly distributed heavy scattering centers (“impurities”) is considered, and the description via one-particle density matrix is used. The several master equations are applied, in the third part of this series, to the calculation of the high-frequency electrical conductivity, and the results are compared with the straightforward calculations from the Kubo formula. In this paper the Prigogine perturbation formalism (i.e. , the quantum Liouville representation) is discussed. It is also shown that exactly the same results are obtainable by means of the Van Hove formalism. Other developments are alsc briefly mentioned. It is found, among other results, that the assumption of diagonal initial density matrix leads to incorrect results for the high-frequency electrical conductivity of the discussed system, and that in order to get correct expressions the terms originating from the destruction fragment must be retained.
Electron-impurity Interactions. II. Master Equations
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 255 (1967)
abstract
Several master equations, derivable under different assumptions from the evolution equations obtained in the preceding part are discussed. Two main perturbation developments are used for this aim: (i) the development in interactions and (ii) the development in time. Both these developments are equivalent in the limit when infinite series are resummed. When only lower-order terms are retained, however, both these methods give different results. The Markovian limit (Pauli-type equations), and the pseudo-Markovian limit of these master equations are also discussed. The description by means of the one-particle density matrix is used throughout.
Electron-impurity Interactions. III. High Frequency Electrical Conductivity
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 265 (1967)
abstract
The evolution and master equations for the one-electron density matrix, derived in preceding parts of this work are here applied to the calculation of the coefficient of electrical conductivity in the high frequency limit. It is found that correct results are obtained when the time evolution of the diagonal elements of the density matrix are described by an inhomogeneous master equation, containing also the non-zero initial values of the off-diagonal elements; in other words, the assumption on the initial (one-electron) density matrix to be diagonal (in the free-particle momentum representation) leads to incorrect results. The influence of various retained or neglected terms of different developments of the resulting formula for electrical conductivity is examined. The asymptotic master equations (Pauli equation) are also used for these calculations.
On the Photostimulated Emission of Exoelektrons from Plastically Deformed NaCl Monocrystals Containing \(F\) Centres
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 277 (1967)
abstract
Samples cut from NaCl-monocrystals have been investigated after previous removal of stress by thermal treatment (tempering). The tempered samples were coloured by irradiation with X-rays. It was found that the emission of exoelectrons occurs only in the plastic deformation region. Preliminary results indicate that there is a dependence between the kinetics of the emission and the kinetics of forces acting on the investigated specimen.
Desorption of Potassium from the Emitter of a Field Emission Microscope Heated by Emission Current
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 285 (1967)
abstract
It was found that the reason for irreproducibility of electric measurements for the adsorption system \(K/W\) for thick potassium layers and comparatively high density of the emission current (above \(4.0\times 10^3\)A/cm\(^2\)) is the thermal desorption induced by heating of the emitter tip due to the emission current. In these conditions and at a fixed voltage the emission current increases and after getting to a maximum begins to decrease. The reason for such emission current changes is the occurrence of a minimum of the work function for an average coverage \(\bar {\mit \Theta } = 0.8\).
Proton Spin-lattice Relaxation in Liquid Methane
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 293 (1967)
abstract
The proton spin-lattice relaxation time \(T_1\) in liquid \(\mathrm {CH}_4\) under the pressure of saturated vapour was measured within the range of temperature from melting point to critical point and in the gas up to 218°K. It was found that \(T_1\) first increases and then decreases when the temperature is raised. This behaviour is explained on the basis of the theory of Hubbard concerning relaxation due to spin-rotational interaction.
A Study of (\(\alpha , d\)) Reaction on \(^{40}\mathrm {Ca}\) Nuclei
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 299 (1967)
abstract
The reaction \(^{40}\mathrm {Ca} (\alpha d) ^{42}\mathrm {Sc}\) has been studied using an \(\alpha \)-particle beam with energy (\(24.74\pm 0.1\)) MeV. Deuteron spectra were obtained by two independent techniques: magnetic analyser and solid state counter telescope. Transitions to the excited states of \(^{42}\mathrm {Sc}\) at 0.61, 1.50, 2.18, 2.93 and 3.73 MeV and a very weak transition to the ground state have been detected. Angular distributions for transitions to the highly populated levels 0.61 and 1.50 MeV of final nucleus have been measured. Relative intensities of the observed transitions are discussed according to the selection rules for the two nucleon transfer reactions.
An Improved Differential Method of Determination of Thermal Conductivity Coefficient of Cylindrical Semi Conductor Specimens Immersed in Helium Bath
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 307 (1967)
abstract
The method of determination of radial temperature distribution in cylindrical sample immersed in helium bath and heated in its entire volume with Joule’s heat used so far has been modified by taking into account the temperature dependence of electric resistance and heat conductivity of graphite in the range of helium temperatures. In spite of applying far going simplifications a dependence for the thermal conductivity coefficient of semiconducting cylindrical samples immersed in helium bath which is an improved version of the method of determining the thermal conductivity coefficient proposed by the author in one of the previous papers. The relation for thermal conductivity coefficient provides the extension of the differential method to a wider temperature range above the boiling temperature of helium.
Newly Observed Gamma Transitions in \(^{151}\mathrm {Tb}\) and \(^{152}\mathrm {Tb}\) Decay
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 317 (1967)
abstract
The internal conversion electron spectrum of the decays of \(^{151}\mathrm {Tb}\) and \(^{152}\mathrm {Tb}\) in the energy region from 30 keV to 600 keV was measured with the aid of a semicircular beta-ray spectrograph. The activities were produced by spallation of Ta nuclei with 660 MeV protons. The energies and relative intensities of conversion lines were measured. For some transitions their multipolarities and mixing ratios were also determined. Twelve gamma transitions in \(^{151}\mathrm {Gd}\) and \(^{152}\mathrm {Gd}\) nuclei based on a number of newly observed conversion lines in the\(^{151}\mathrm {Tb}\) and \(^{152}\mathrm {Tb}\) decays were determined for the first time.
A Three Quark Model of Baryonic States with a Nonlocal Separable Potential
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 333 (1967)
abstract
A non-relativistic quark model of baryonic states is presented. The quarks interact via \(SU_3\), and \(SU_2\) (spin) invariant, two, and three body nonlocal separable potential. The potential contains spin and unitary spin exchange terms. The baryonic states are supposed to furnish \(L = 0\) and \(L = 1\) (positive and negative parity) multiplets. For the states of assumed symmetry the appropriate integral equations are derived and solved approximately in order to obtain the binding energies. In the case of the two body interaction the model provides the required, strong binding only in states \(L = 1^+\), and the states \(L = 0\) and \(L = 1^-\) are not bound unless three- body forces are introduced. With three body forces it is quite easy to obtain strong binding in all states considered in this paper.
Some Theoretical Aspects of the Inversion of Atomic Doublet Terms
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 349 (1967)
abstract
A method of calculating non-central electrostatic corrections contributing to the doublet splitting of atomic energy levels (and responsible for the cases of their inversion) has been proposed. It is based on the assumption that these effects can be approximately described by averaged quasi-potentials.
Über die Verschiebung der Absorption und Emission Einiger Anthracen-Derivate Verursacht Durch die Dispersionswechselwirkungen
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 357 (1967)
abstract
Es wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Lösungsmitteln auf die Verschiebung der Absorptions und Emissionsmaxima von solchen unpolaren gelösten Molekülen, wie Anthracen, 9,10-Dichloranthracen, 9,10-Diphenylanthracen und 9,10-Dibromanthracen untersucht. Die Verschiebung der Absorptions- und Fluoreszenzmaxima von verschiedenen Schwingungsbanden der untersuchten organischen Verbindungen ist, in Übereinstimmung mit der Liptay’schen Theorien, eine lineare Funktion von \(\frac {n^2-1}{n^2+1}\). Es wurde festgestelt, dass die Steigungen der Geraden für die verschiedene Schwingungsbanden von Anthracen-Derivaten konstant sind.
Calculation of Nucleon–Photon Interaction Effects in a Simple Nuclear Model
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 371 (1967)
abstract
The results of calculation of the energy spectra in a simple model with nucleon–phonon interaction [2] are given. The comparison of the exact values of the energy with the evidence obtained by strong coupling method allows to find the range of application of this method. It is shown that the conditions under which the equidistant character of the spectrum is revealed are considerably wider than those under which the collective degree of freedom is extracted.
Quantum-Statistical Ab Initio Calculations of the Cohesive and Volume Properties of Metals and Metallic Solid Solutions
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 381 (1967)
abstract
It is pointed out that the previously developed statistical model of a monatomic solid is best applicable to metals, especially transition metals. The calculated average cohesive energy per transition metal of the third period is ca 103.5 Kcal/mole, whereas the experimental value is ca 97.5 Kcal/mole. The agreement in atomic radii is, however, much poorer. The Grüneisen parameter is calculated for the atomic number of 36, assumed as corresponding to a metal, at pressures ranging up to two megabars. The result departs from the average experimental Grüneisen parameter for Ni and Mo by less than about 25% of the experimental value throughout the pressure range covered by observation. The linear relation between the cohesive energy and volume of metallic solid solutions and the concentration of the pure components is based on purely theoretical reasoning. These additive rules are valid at atomic numbers upwards of twenty. No empirical values other than the fundamental atomic constants \(e, m, h\), and atomic number \(Z\) were used in the calculations.
Symmetric Three-quark Interactions
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 397 (1967)
abstract
A simplified treatment of three-quark interactions is proposed. It is based on the nonrelativistic three-particle Hamiltonian which is invariant under the group \(O_6\). Such a symmetry implies that the strongest interactions between quarks are essential three-body interactions. Two-body interactions break \(O_6\) and are responsible for the mass splitting which is two orders of magnitude smaller. The proposed \(O_6\) symmetry simplifies considerably the discussion of energy levels.
On the Application of Zeolites for the Evacuation of Measuring Containers Immersed in Liquid Helium
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 405 (1967)
Comment to Diagonalization Problem for Thin Films
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 411 (1967)
Сoотношения симметрии для электромагнитных поляризуемостей частиц
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 413 (1967)
The Cascade Decay \(N^*(2825) \rightarrow \rho N^*(1236)\)
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 417 (1967)
Variations in the Distribution of the Spectrum of Gamma Radiation from \(\mathrm {Cs}^{137}\) Traversing Zinc–Aluminium Alloy, Induced by Uniaxial Compression of the Absorber
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 421 (1967)
Fast Precooling of the Inside of a Helium Dewar to the Temperature of Liquid Nitrogen
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 425 (1967)
A Simple Device for Measuring Thermal Conductivity in the Range of Helium Temperatures
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 427 (1967)
Six-prong Interactions of 8 GeV/\(c\) \(\pi ^+\) in Hydrogen
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 431 (1967)
Coulomb Excitation of \(^{189}\mathrm {Os}\) Nucleus
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 437 (1967)
Fasc. 3, pages 443–599
Über Ein Elastisches Tensorpotential und Seine
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 443 (1967)
abstract
Der Integrand in dem elastischen Analogon zum Helmholtz-Huygenschen Prinzip lässt sich als die Normalkomponente eines quellenfreien Tensorfeldes T darstellen und kann daher durch die Normalkomponente der Rotation eines Tensorpotentials W ausgedrückt werden. Im folgendem wird eine Ableitung dieses Tensorpotentials im Falle einer beliebigen, einfallenden elastischen Welle, gegeben. Im Spezialfall einer von einer punktförmigen, isotropen Quelle stammenden Dilatationswelle bzw. Schiebungswelle wird dann ein geschlossener Ausdruck für das Tensorpotential, angegeben. Es wird auch gezeigt in welcher Weise dieses Tensorpotential in der Kirchhoffschen Theorie der Beugung verwendet werden kann. Mit Hilfe des tensoriellen Stokesschen Integralsatzes wird dann eine elastische Beugungswelle abgespaltet. Aus der angegebenen Darstellung folgt, dass der Entstehungsmechanismus der elastischen Beugungswelle im allgemeinen Falle nicht ganz den Youngschen Anschauungen entspricht.
Дипольные електрические переходы в к-серии рентгеновского характеристического излучения
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 459 (1967)
abstract
На основе полученного автором выражения для вероятности электрического мультипольного релятивистского радиационного перехода проводятся вычисления сил осцилляторов и относительных интенсивностей дипольных электрических переходов для К-серии рентгеновского Характс ристического излучения. Пoлучено хорошее совпадение с экспериментальными данными.
\(SU(4)\)-Symmetry and the Hydrogen Atom
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 469 (1967)
abstract
It is shown that in Rzewuski’s model as the result of the connection of \(SU(2)\) and \(SU(2)_I\) two particles appear having the following properties: (1) They interact with Coulomb potentials with opposite signs; (2) the energy spectra are continuous; (3) in every fixed coordinate system in isotopic space the coordinates of both particles behave under space rotations \(O_2(SU(2))\) like coordinates of a free particle; (4) the transformation of isotopic spin mix the coordinates of both particles.
On the Connection of Internal and Relativistic Symmetries and Dynamics in the Underlying Spinor Space
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 479 (1967)
abstract
The geometric connection between the internal and the relativistic symmetries is discussed. The dynamics in the underlying spaces is investigated also for the following internal symmetries: \(SL (2, C), SU(2)_I\) and \(SU(n)\).
On the Linear Approximation in Dyson’s Generalized Spin Wave Formalism
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 487 (1967)
abstract
The refinement of Dyson’s spin wave formalism for bilinear spin Hamiltonians as proposed in a former paper [1a] is here extended to the case of fourth-order interactions. The external magnetic field is included. Without specifying the interaction tensors and the crystal lattice, and without limiting the interaction to any particular neighbourhood the conditions are derived under which the bilinear part of the ideal spin wave Hamiltonian can be diagonalized by employing Bogolyubov’s transformation. Instead of using the standard or any particular spin wave representation the considerations are carried through for the wider class of representations corresponding to arbitrary inhomogeneous rotations of the lattice spins. This allows to choose in each particular case a representation that is most convenient (or otherwise preferable) in calculating the partition function (or any other thermodynamic quantity). Within the linear Bloch approximation results obtained by other authors in the standard approach are shown to be easily derivable from our formalism.
The \(T\)-Nonconservation in Nuclear Muon Capture
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 501 (1967)
abstract
The correlations, nonconserving \(T\)-parity in radiative muon capture in allowed and first forbidden transitions are calculated. The imaginary part of Gamov–Teller interaction is introduced. The results are compared with the \(\beta \)-decay.
Some Useful Relations Connected with the Asymptotic Condition in Quantum Field Theory
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 511 (1967)
abstract
The explicit and detailed presentation of asymptotic condition for a general field with vanishing matrix elements between the vacuum and one-particle states is given. Hepp’s theory of asymptotic condition has been used throughout the paper. Some concrete examples of such fields are considered.
Ageing Process in Triglycine Sulphate Single Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 527 (1967)
abstract
This paper deals with the ageing process in pure and \(\mathrm {CuSO}_4\)—doped single crystals of triglycine sulphate (TGS). \(\mathrm {CuSO}_4\) is found to lower the Curie point, to slow down the ageing process, lower polarization and raise the coercive field. Domain structure was studied by the charged power method and by etching. Hysteresis loops were obtained for individual domains. Delayed effects in TGS are related with stabilisation of the polarization. An external electric field is shown to effect the Curie point. Recurring to Devonshire’s theory, an interpretation of the results is proposed and the constants \(A\) and \(B\) appearing in the free energy expansion are calculated.
The Influence of Magnetic Field Upon Uniaxial Ferromagnetic Crystals Domain Structure with Uniform Crystal Lattice Deformation
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 555 (1967)
abstract
On the basis of microscopic domain structure theory given by W. Ziętek and its generalization for arbitrary crystal lattice of ferromagnetic uniaxial monocrystal, and arbitrary interdomain walls proposed by the author, an analysis of external magnetic field influence on domain structure is given. Calculations are given for two opposite cases when the external field is parallel to the magnetization direction of interdomain walls and when this field is parallel to the magnetization direction of domains. The influence of crystal deformation on the structure is considered. The results obtained are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. The function defining the magnetization angle in lattice sites according to their position in the monocrystal is given, as well as the formulae for interdomain walls width. Domain structure parameters dependence on \(\left |\frac {H}{\eta } \right |\) is given where H is proportional to the magnetic field, and \(\eta \) is the ferromagnetic structure coefficient defining among others the crystal lattice deformation.
On the Nature of Radioelectret Effect in Paraffin Wax
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 575 (1967)
abstract
Assuming that the radioelectret effect in paraffin wax is due to electrons confined in traps a theoretical model for the phenomena responsible for the production of free electrons and their confinement in traps has been proposed. The relations predicted by the model are in goed agreement with experimental results.
Anomalous Photovoltages in CdSe and CdS Thin Layers
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 581 (1967)
abstract
Anomalous photovoltages in evaporated CdSe and CdS thin layers were observed. The photovoltages change exponentially with reverse temperature. On the basis of the experimental data it is supposed that anomalous photovoltages origin from nonuniform distribution of traps in individual crystallites which form the CdSe and CdS layers.
Vibronic Coupling in an Ionic Dimer
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 587 (1967)
A Remark on the High Energy Behaviour of the Deck Effect
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 591 (1967)
abstract
The Deck effect in the process \(\pi p\to \rho \pi p\) at high energy is investigated. It is shown that the character of the Deck enhancement in the \(\pi \rho \) mass distribution depends strongly on the momentum transfer distribution of the \(\rho \) mesons.
The Combinatorial Method in Matrix Elements of \(J_{\pm }\) Operators
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 597 (1967)
The Fission of \(^{197}\mathrm {Au}\) by 13.4 MeV Deuterons
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 599 (1967)
abstract
The method of fragment detection in mica was used for the investigation of the reaction \(^{197}\)Au\((d, f)\) with 13.4 MeV deuterons. The number of fragments observed-corresponded within experimental errors to the expected effect of U contamination of the Au sample which was tested in a separate experiment with. reactor neutrons. The upper limit of the Au fission cross-section is estimated as \(10^{-34}\mathrm {cm}^2\).Fasc. 4, pages 603–787
On Atomic Polarizabilities and Shielding Factors in the Case of Uncoupled Hartree–Fock Approximation for Atoms and Ions in \(^1S_0\) State
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 603 (1967)
abstract
This paper presents a method for calculating the multipole polarizability \(\alpha _2L\) and the shielding factor \(\gamma _2L\) in the uncoupled Hartree–Fock approximation. The proposed method is a remarkable simplification of the Dalgarno method. It makes it possible to write down \(\alpha _2L\) \(\gamma _2L\) explicitly by means of radial integrals.
Dielectric Absorption Phenomena and Electric Conduction Anomaly in Polycrystallic \(\mathrm {PbZrO}_3\)-samples
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 613 (1967)
abstract
1t has been found that at temperatures greater than about 190°C \(\mathrm {PbZrO}_3\) samples with deposited electrodes are sources of spontaneous current with a maximum at this temperature at which is a maximum of the dielectric permittivity \(\epsilon \) during the cooling of the sample and with a minimum at the temperature at which is a maximum of \(\epsilon \) during the heating of the sample. The existence of long lasting currents connected with the effect of dielectric absorption and occurring after removing the external field has also been observed. These absorption currents tend to saturation when the time during which the electric field is acting became longer and also when is an increase of the field strength. In the investigations of the dependence of the absorption current on voltage changing from positive to negative values and back, a cycle a characteristic hysteresis loop which resembles the electric hysteresis loop for ferroelectrics was found. In the temperature interval in which is a phase change of \(\mathrm {PbZrO}_3\) anomalous changes of electric conduction were observed. Basing on the obtained experimental results it was concluded that in weak electric fields the conduction of \(\mathrm {PbZrO}_3\) is of electronic character, an essential role in the mechanism of this conduction being played by electrons going over from the cathode to the conduction band of the dielectric and from the ground band to the anode. The occurrence of a hysteresis loop is an evidence of the existence of a ferroelectric phase in \(\mathrm {PbZrO}_3\).
The Effect of Electrode Material on Temperature Variations of the Electric Conductivity of \(\mathrm {PbZrO}_3\)
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 633 (1967)
abstract
It was found that the electric conductivity of \(\mathrm {PbZrO}_3\) depends on the material of the electrodes. The activation energy of charge carriers, determined from the temperature variations of conductivity, has in the orthorhombic phase (\(T\lt T_c\)) a value of 2.5 to 3 eV, and in the cubic phase (\(T\gt T_c\)) from 0.75 to 1.36 eV, but in the latter region a particularly strong relationship between the activation energy and the work function of the electrode material is observed. The current associated with the dielectric absorption effect was also investigated. The conclusion reached is that a considerable role is played by electron conductivity in the mechanism of conductivity and absorption currents of \(\mathrm {PbZrO}_3\). The conductivity anomalies in the region of the phase transformation are explained by the effect of variations of polarization of \(\mathrm {PbZrO}_3\).
Atomic Polarizabilities and Shielding Factors in the Case of Open Shells of Electronic Systems
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 641 (1967)
abstract
In this paper I have derived a method for calculating the atomic polarizabilities \(\alpha _2 L\) and the shielding factor \(\gamma _2 L\) in the case of open shells of atoms and ions by means of uncoupled approximation using the Roothaan procedure.
On the Dichroism of Crystals of 1,2,4,5-Tetramethyl Benzene (Durene) in the Near Infrared Region
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 653 (1967)
abstract
The assignment of the observed overtone and combination bands of —\(\mathrm {CH}_3\) groups has been made basing upon the results of Morino and coworkers [8] for gaseous \(\mathrm {CH}_3\mathrm {Br}\). It has been shown on several examples of benzene methyl derivatives in solution that the —\(\mathrm {CH}_3\) internal vibrations may be treated as being independent of molecular symmetry. The observed dichroic ratios for two absorption bands of different types agree well with those for the unit cell calculated according to the oriented gas model for —\(\mathrm {CH}_3\) groups. Lowering the temperature of the crystal some increase in dichroic ratios was observed indicating that there exists a connection between the dichroism and molecular librations.
On the Theory of Nuclear Matter with Neutron Excess
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 671 (1967)
abstract
The paper presents a simple method of computing the symmetry energy. In this method the hard core part of nuclear forces is treated exactly (as an expansion in powers of \(k_F\,r_C\), \(\hslash k_F =\) Fermi momentum, \(r_C =\) hard core radius, until second order terms in \(k_Fr_C\)) and the attractive part is treated as a perturbation. The symmetry energy we have obtained is 67.5 MeV which is comparable with the value usually quoted in the semiempirical mass formula.
On the Effect of a Strong Oscillating Electric Field on the Refractive Index of Isotropic Media
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 689 (1967)
abstract
An arbitrary isotropic medium in an intense optical field is shown to gain optical anisotropy, defined by the tensor of optical permittivity: \[n^2_{\sigma \tau }-n^2\delta _{\sigma \tau }=A\delta _{\sigma \tau }E^2_0+B(3E_{0\tau }-\delta _{\sigma \tau }E^2_0)\,.\] The quantities \(A\) and \(B\) are generally even functions of powers of the field amplitude \(E_0\) with \(A\) accounting for the isotropic properties of the medium related with non-polarization and opticostriction, and \(B\) accounting for the optical anisotropy induced in the medium by the intense optical field. In the quadratic approximation of the theory, \(B\) is field independent and represents a constant of optical birefringence consisting of a term resulting from the effect of nonlinear optical deformation and a term due to that of optical molecular orientation. The constant \(B\) is discussed systematically for cases of gases, liquids and multi-component systems whose molecules are generally anisotropic of arbitrary symmetry or of well defined e.g. spherical and axial symmetry, possessing permanent dipole or quadrupole moments or otherwise. It is moreover shown that the orientational part of \(B\) is strictly related with the anisotropic part of the intensity of Rayleigh light scattering. Also, the relaxational theory of non-linear changes in the complex optical permittivity due to an intense oscillating electric field is reviewed.
Measurement of Thermoemission by Means of Geiger–Müller Counters
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 715 (1967)
abstract
The wire-form thermoelectron emitters made of Cu, Fe, Mo and W were investigated by means of GM-counters. The emitters were introduced into the sensitive region of the counter, parallel to the anode wire.
Low Energy Scattering of Electrons by Thomas–Fermi Atoms
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 721 (1967)
abstract
In this note we have given an analytical expression for the total cross-section \(\delta \) for low energetic electron scattering by Thomas–Fermi atoms. This note also contains a comparison of our results with other theoretical and experimental data.
On the Internal Friction of Aluminium
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 727 (1967)
abstract
An apparatus for measurement of internal friction in a wide temperature range from \(-190\) to 800°C has been constructed in which a new system for the registration of vibrations was used. Internal friction of highly pure aluminium and technical aluminium was measured. A maximum of internal friction was observed at about 290°C for aluminium of a high degree of purity and at about 220°C for technical aluminium.
On the Influence of Radiation Energy on the Values of Tonization Currents in Carbon Tetrachloride and \(n\)-Decane
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 733 (1967)
abstract
The influence of energy of X and gamma rays on the values of ionization currents in carbon tetrachloride and \(n\)-decane has been investigated. The radiation source were X-ray tube and radioisotopes (Tm-170, Sn-113, Cs-137 and Co-60). In the energy interval from 200 keV to 1.25 MeV the ionization current in \(\mathrm {CCl}_4\) was about twice greater than in \(\mathrm {C}_{10}\mathrm {H}_{22}\). Maximum ionization current was observed for the radiation energy of 30 keV at which the ionization current is about 25-times greater than that in \(\mathrm {C}_{10}\mathrm {H}_{22}\). Calculation of the ratios of relative ionization currents performed basing on the knowledge of absorption coefficients and mean ionization energy for \(\mathrm {CCl}_4\) and \(\mathrm {C}_{10}\mathrm {H}_{22}\) has shown a satisfactory agreement with the experimental data.
Investigation of the Energy Model of the Photoemission from HgSe
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 745 (1967)
abstract
The external photoelectric effect in HgSe has been studied. Retarding potential method in spherical condenser has been used. Two fundamental quantities: the thermionic work function \(\phi _t\), and photoelectric work function \(\phi _{ph}\) have been determined from photocurrent vs voltage characteristics. The position of Fermi level vacuum level has been calculated using additional information from the measurements of Hall effect, electric conductivity as well as from known concentration dependence of effective mass. The model of photoelectric emission in HgSe has been proposed.
Molecular Field Approximation for Ferromagnets with Monoionic Anisotropy. Many Domain Case
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 759 (1967)
abstract
Molecular field approximation is used for ferromagnets with monoionic anisotropy. Equations are derived for the length and directions of the magnetization vector at arbitrary temperature. The change of the length of the magnetization vector when passing from the domain to the Bloch wall were concluded from these equations.
Effect of Chromium Ions on the Thermostimulated (Exo)Emission of Electrons and the Thermoluminescence of \(\mathrm {Al}_2\mathrm {O}_3\) Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 769 (1967)
abstract
The thermostimulated (exo)emission of electrons and the thermoluminescence of \(\mathrm {Al}_2\mathrm {O}_3\) and \(\mathrm {Al}_2\mathrm {O}_3+\mathrm {Cr}^{+++}\) (0.08% and 0.1%) crystals, previously excited by X-rays (Cu, 50 kV, 8 mA) for 30 minutes, were investigated. It was found that there is similitude between the curves of thermostimulated (exo)emission of electrons and the thermoluminescence glow curves.
Comments on the Theory of the Effect of Concentration on the Luminescence of Solutions
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 775 (1967)
Gorter Thermal Effect in EPR
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 777 (1967)
Hyperfine-splitting Factors of Some Sb I Levels
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 781 (1967)
An Approximation Better Than the Distorted Waves Approximation
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 783 (1967)
On Nonlinear Changes in Refractive Index of Liquids Due to Electrostriction and Electrocaloric Effect
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 787 (1967)
Fasc. 5, pages 797–961
Determination of Coincidence-circuit Statistical Parameters by Means of the Point Method
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 797 (1967)
abstract
A simple method allowing determination of the resolving time, jitter breadth and efficiency of the twofold coincidence cireuit is described. The method may be used at the assumption of Gaussian jitter distributions and is an alternative to the earlier published “slope method”. Results of numerical calculations and an example illustrating the method arc given.
Analytical Formulas for the Scattering Amplitude for Ionization and Excitation by Electron Impact
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 803 (1967)
abstract
The analytical formulas for the scattering amplitude for the ionization and excitation of an arbitrary bound state of an atom by electron impact are given. The scattering amplitude is expressed by derivatives of a simple generating function. The formulas for excitation are special cases of those for ionization.
Reduced Matrix Elements of Generators of the “Oscillator-Like” (“Ladder”) Representations of \(U(N, N)\) Algebras in the \(SU(N)\) Basis
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 807 (1967)
abstract
By simply generalizing the methods used in our previous papers [1–3] (cited as I, II, III) for the explicit construction of the “oscillator-like” (“ladder”) representations of the \(U(2,2)\) and \(U(3,3)\) algebras in a basis, in which the maximal compact, simple, \(SU(2)\) or \(SU(3)\) subalgebras, respectively, are diagonal (the “physical” basis), the reduced matrix elements of generators of \(U(N, N)\) algebras, corresponding to the reduction with respect to the maximal compact, simple, \(SU(N)\) subalgebra, in this class of representations, are calculated. The explicit knowledge of \(SU(N)\) Clebsch–Gordan coefficients is not needed in these calculations.
Über die Abhängigkeit der Grundpolarisation der Fluoreszenz Fester Lösungen von der Temperatur
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 825 (1967)
abstract
Das Ziel der Arbeit, ist die Entdeckung des Einflusses der Torsionsschwingungen der Lumineszenzmoleküle in festen Lösungen auf die Grundpolarisation des Fluoreszenzlichtes. Die untersuchungen der Polarisation des Fluoreszenzlichtes fester PMAM-Lösungen bei verschiedenen Temperaturen (von ca 20°C bis ca —180°C), mit Hilfe einer sehr empfindlichen photoelektrischen Apparatur, ergaben eine sehr komplizierte Abhängigkeit des Polarisationsgrades von deı Temperatur. Die erhaltenen Messergebnisse wurden mit Hilfe einer Überlagerung von zwei Absorptionsbanden mit senkrecht zueinander orientierten Oszillatoren erklärt. Es wurde festgestellt, dass im Falle der von uns untersuchten Fluoreszenverbindungen (4-Aminophthalimid, 2,5-Di(4-biphenylil)-oxasol und 9,10-Dichloranthracen), wegen der schwer experimentell zu eliminieren inneren Depolarisationsmechanismen, können solche depolarisierende Einflüsse wie Torsionsschwingungen nicht beobachtet werden.
Über Eine Neue Gestalt Des Vektorpotentials Für Ein Quellenfreies Vektorfeld
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 835 (1967)
abstract
Es werden neve Ausdrücke für drei- und zweidimensionale Vektorpotentiale quellenfreier Vektorfelder mitgeteilt. Die dreidimensionalen Vektorpotentiale sind sowohl für die Darstellung drei- als auch zweidimensionaler, quellenfreier Vektorfelder geeignet. Die zweidimensionalen Vektorpotentiale sind nur zur Angabe von zweidimensionalen, quellenfreien Vektorfeldern brauchbar. Während man sonst einen Ausdruck für das Vektorpotential verwendet, der durch. ein Raumintegral gegeben wird, werden im dreidimensionalen Falle die neuen Vektorpotentiale durch Linienintegrale über gewisse Halbstrahlen oder endliche, geradlinige Strecken dargestellt. Im zweidimensionalen Falle kann die Integration über beliebige ebene Kurven erstreckt werden. Im Gegensatz zum üblichen Ausdruck für das Vektorpotential sind die neuen Formeln auch für quellenfreie Vektorfelder verwendbar, die zugleich auch wirbelfrei sind, und können auch im Falle von Vektorfeldern benützt werden, die im Unendlichen oder im Endlichen gewisse Singularitäten besitzen. Allerdings sind die neuen Vektorpotentiale im allgemeinen nicht quellenfrei. Die Verwendung der neuen Formeln wird an Beispielen erläutert. Es wird auch ein Ausdruck für das Tensorpotential eines quellenfreien Tensorfeldes mitgeteilt. Das wichtigste Anwendungsgebiet für die angegebene Gestalt der Vektor- und Tensorpotentiale bietet die Kirchhoffsche Beugungstheorie skalarer bzw. vektorieller Felder, da diese Potentiale eine Zerspaltung des gesamten Wellenvorganges in eine geometrisch-optische und eine vom beugenden Rande aus-gehende Beugungswelle gestatten.
Automatic Correction of the Meniscus Lenses by Using the Ordeals Program
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 865 (1967)
abstract
The aberration diagrams of the following lenses: landscape lens, double meniscus lens, achromatic double meniscus lens, have been considered. Designing these lenses, the automatic correction program has been used, the latter being developed at the Institute of Optics, University of Rochester.
On the Particle Decays in the Theory with Non-compact Groups
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 875 (1967)
abstract
The \(SL(2, C)\) group is considered as the internal symmetry group. The vector-coupling coefficients for the irreducible unitary representation of \(SL(2, C\)) are calculated. The matrix element for the decay of spin 1 particle into two spinless particles, is calculated.
Thermal Hysteresis of Ceramic Barium Titanate in the Low Phase Transition Point
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 883 (1967)
abstract
The capacity of a condenser containing a sample of ceramic barium titanate was measured in the temperature interval from —20°C to —100°C first for decreasing and then for increasing temperature. For increasing temperature the dielectric constant of aged BaTiO\(_3\)-samples exceeds that observed for decreasing temperature starting from \(-\)70°C on. Owing to this, the thermal hysteresis loop becomes a double one. Young samples or those rejuvenated by heating to temperatures above the Curie point do not reveal this peculiarity. Strong electric biasing field does not significantly influence the character of this phenomenon.
К релятивистской теории симметрии \(SL(6,С)\)
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 887 (1967)
abstract
В работе развивается техника симметрии \(SL (6, С)\) с бесконечными мультиплетами. При помощи однородных функций построены унитарные представления грудпы \(S,L(6, С)\), изучены расщепления этих представлений на мультиплеты \(SU(6)\) и физические мультиплеты \(SU(6)_р\). Построена инвариантная мезон-барионная вершина. На примере вершины установлена связь между рассматриваемой теорией с бесконечными мультицлетами и неунитарной внутренне нарушенной теорией симметрии \(SL(6,С)\) с конечными мультиплетами.
The Formulation of Quantum Electrodynamics with Strong Lorentz Condition. II. Interaction Picture
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 905 (1967)
abstract
The operator gauge transformations, changing covariant Feynman four-potentials \(A^F_{\mu }\) into a variety of transverse potentials \(A^\mathrm {tr}_{\mu }\) are investigated. The gauge operator contains massless double pole and three arbitrary functional parameters. The Landau–Khalatnikov, Valatin and Evans–Fulton gauges as particular cases are obtained. The contact terms, arising in different gauges, are discussed. The class of gauges, not modifying the usual Hamiltonian \(j_{\mu }A^{\mu }\), and the class of generalized radiation gauges, with Coulomb contact term, are introduced. The spaces of states for different transversal gauges are discussed.
Classical Theory of Magneto-optical Phenomena in Dense Isotropic Media
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 929 (1967)
abstract
A semi-macroscopic theory of magneto-optical effects in dense isotropic media and its microscopic interpretation on the basis of classical statistical methods is proposed. The nonlinear variation of the optical permittivity tensor, as due to a strong DC magnetic field \(H\), is shown to be given by the equation \[ \epsilon _{\delta \tau }- n^2\delta _{\delta \tau } = F\epsilon _{\delta \tau \nu }H_{\nu }+ AH^2\delta _{\delta \tau }+C(3H_{\delta }H_{\tau }-H^2\delta _{\delta \tau })\,, \] where \(F\) is Faraday’s and \(C\) — the Cotton–Mouton constant, while \(A\) is a constant dependent i.a. on magnetostriction. Other processes, such as the magnetic anisotropy induced in an isotropic medium by an intense e.g. laser beam, the magneto-electrical or electro-magnetical cross effect, and similar magneto-optical effects are also discussed. By classical statistical methods, it is shown that for multi-component systems \(F, C\), as well as other magneto-optical constants can be expanded in power series in the molar fractions, the first coefficient describing the additive properties of the perfect mixture, and the consecutive coefficients accounting for deviations from additivity due to the presence of molecular radial and angular correlations. Moreover, within the framework of molecular relaxational theory, the variations in complex refractive index in a strong oscillating magnetic field and variations in magnetic permeability in an intense oscillating electricfield are calculated.
Magnetic Balance with Adjustable Sensitivity for Measuring the Magnetization and Magnetic Susceptibility of Para- and Ferromagnetics
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 955 (1967)
abstract
A new type of magnetic balance for measuring the magnetization and magnetic susceptibility of para- and ferromagnetics is described. The device has an original elastic system consisting of two small plane plates of phosphor bronze and an optical system consisting of three small mirrors. lts sensitivity is adjustable in a continuous manner even during measurements without disassembling the measuring set-up.
A Highly Efficient Cryostat for Sucksmith Magnetic Balances
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 961 (1967)
abstract
The paper describes a cryostat for Sucksmith magnetic balances. The cryostat is simple in design, highly efficient, economical as regards consumption of liquid nitrogen, and makes possible measurements at any temperature within the range from \(-\)194°C to \(+\)200°C. The lowest temperature is reached already after five minutes.Fasc. 6, pages 969–1082
Ground-state Energy for a Cubic Antiferromagnet. The Coefficient at \(S^0\)
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 969 (1967)
abstract
An infinite series of graphs proportional to the zeroth power of the spin quantum number in the ground-state energy expansion in \(S^{-1}\) is derived and thus the coefficient at \(S^{0}\) for a cubic antiferromagnet is obtained.
К теории распадающихся систем частиц
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 985 (1967)
abstract
Методами полевой теории многих тел рассматривается задача о самопроизвольном распаде системы взаимодействующих частиц. С помощью проекционных операторов, используемых в теории ядерных реакций, получены точные уравнения для определения волновых функций, положений и ширин нестационарных уровней. Аналогичные результаты получаются также и в задачах о столкновении частиц с образованием промежуточных нестабильных состояний [1].
Nuclear Cascades Generated in Lead–Iron Absorber by Nuclear-active Particles of EAS
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 993 (1967)
abstract
The nuclear-active particles of EAS, initiate nuclear cascades in the absorber. The secondary particles of such cascades can hit more than one detector, simulating in this manner a density of the penetrating component that is greater than the actual value. In the paper an attempt has been made to determine the “nuclear multiplicative effect”, i.e. to determine the probability of detectors registering when a nuclear-active particle of energy above a certain threshold is incident on the absorber. With the assumption of an appropriate energy spectrum of the nuclear-active particles and highly simplified cascade model, the development of a nuclear cascade in a lead-iron absorber has been calculated by means of the Monte Carlo method. The distribution was found of the probability \(p_i\) that a penetrating particle incident upon the absorber proves to be a nuclear-active particle which, after multiplication in the absorber, hits \(i(i=2,3,4,..)\) detectors. This distribution is in good accordance with the result obtained from a statistical analysis of experimental data.
Ein Näherungsverfahren zur Lösung der Einstein–Maxwellschen Gleichungen Für Ein Punktteilchen mit Einem Magnetischen Dipolmoment
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 1001 (1967)
abstract
Es wird ein Nägerungsverfahren zur sukzessiven Lösung der Einstein–Maxwellschen Feldgleichungen entwickelt. Für Probleme, die in Weylschen kanonischen Zylinderkoordinaten \[ds^2 = e^{\lambda }(dt^2 + dr^2) + e^{-\rho }r^2d\theta ^2 - e^{\rho }c^2dt^2\] behandelt werden können ist es möglich, höhere Näherungen der Feldgleichungen ohne Integrationen zu gewinnen. Das Verfahren wird angewendet zur Lösung der Feldgleichungen für ein Punktteilchen, das einen magnetischen Dipol trägt. Zur Überlagerung der “reinen Dipollösung” und der Schwarzschildlösung bieten sich eindeutige Vorgabewerte an, aus denen durch Differentiationen und algebraische Prozesse höhere Näherungen gewonnen werden. Die Konvergenz der erhaltenen Reihen wird abgeschätzt. Die Bewegung eines ungeladenen Testteilchens in dem überlagerten Feld wird diskutiert.
Preparation and Electric Properties of Thin \(Cd_3As_2\)-Films Deposited by Thermal Evaporation in Vacuum
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 1021 (1967)
abstract
The paper contains the results of investigations concerning the preparation and properties of semiconducting thin \(\mathrm {Cd}_3\mathrm {As}_2\)-films obtained by thermal evaporation in vacuum of the order of \((10^{-4}—10^{-5})\) mm Hg on substrates of glass, mica and \(\mathrm {Na}_2\mathrm {Cl}\) at the temperatures of 20, 70, 90, 100, 140, 160 and 175°C. Measurements of specific resistivity \(\rho \) and Hall coefficient \(R_H\) for these films were carried out in the temperature range (90—450)°K. It was found that there is a strong dependence of the electric properties on the temperature of the substrate. When depositing the films on “cold” substrate (20—100)°C amorphous films with \(n \cong 10^{17}\) cm\(^{-3}\), large resistivity (\(\rho = 1\Omega \) cm—\(10^2\Omega \) cm) and small mobility of electrons (10—200) cm\(^2\)/V sec, were obtained. On the other hand, films obtained by evaporation on substrates with temperatures between 140 and 170°C were characterized by low resistivity (\(1\times 10^{-3}—7 \times 10^{-3}\Omega \) cm, a mobility between 900 and 2700 cm\(^2\)/V sec and \(n = (5\times 10^{18}—2\times 10^{17}\)) cm\(^{-3}\). The resistivity and Hall coefficient are practically constant at low temperatures. At high temperatures \(\mu _H\sim T^{-3/2}\). The activation energy calculated from the temperature dependence of and \(\rho R_H\) is \(\Delta E = 0.13\) eV for films deposited on heated substrate and \(\Delta E = 0.24\) eV for films deposited on “cold” substrate after suitable thermal treatment.
On the Thermal Conductivity of Electrets of Carnauba Wax
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 1041 (1967)
abstract
The anisotropy of the thermal conductivity of electrets of Carnauba wax has been investigated at the room temperature and at the temperature of the liquid oxygen referring to the direction of the forming electric field and the influence of the heating on thermal conductivity. It was found that there is no anisotropy in thermal conductivity of electrets within the experimental accuracy. The slight increase in thermal conductivity of formed electrets in comparison with the samples not formed and not warmed up once is rather connected with thermal treatment and not with the forming in the electric field. The results of measurements do not seem to confirm the dipole character of electret charge.
A Study of the Phase Transition in Pentachlorophenol by Means of Near Infra-red Spectroscopy
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 1047 (1967)
abstract
The crystalline phase of pentachlorophenol, stable above 62°C, consists of monomerie molecules. On cooling to room temperature this phase becomes unstable what causes the phase transition to proceed involving molecular reorientation. The phase stable at room temperature consists of hydrogen bonded chains with the ring planes of adjacent molecules arranged in a way which is a compromise between steric hindrances and hydrogen bonding forces.
A New Method of Evaluating of Anisotropy of Electric Conductivity in Organic Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 1061 (1967)
abstract
A method has been proposed for detecting the anisotropy of electrical conductivity and determining the directions of the principal axes of the conductivity tensor by measuring the angular distribution of the current in a crystal face. The method was checked by determining of the conductivity ellipsoid for an anthracene crystal, and applied to obtain the directional dependence of the conductivity in crystals of beta \(p\)-nitrophenol and gamma hydroquinone. The direction of maximal conductivity in (010) face of a \(p\)-nitrophenol crystal nearly coincided with the projection of the chains of hydrogen bonds in this plane. In (001) plane of a hydroquinone crystal with a two-dimensional network of hydrogen bonds without any preferred orientation, the distribution of current was found to be isotropic.
Anisotropy of Electrical Conductivity in Imidazole Crystals
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 1069 (1967)
abstract
The angular distribution of electrical conductivity has been determined for crystals of imidazole in two crystallographic planes at several temperatures. It has been found that in the (100) plane the conductivity is isotropic, whereas in the (010) plane the maximal conductivity appears in the direction of the \(c\)-axis i.e. along the infinite chains of hydrogen bonds. The observed effect may be explained as due to intermolecular interactions through hydrogen bonds and to some extent also to interaction of \(\pi \)-electrons of neighbouring molecules.
Electrooptical Birefringence of Solutions of \(N\)-Octyl and \(N\)-Heptyl Alcohols in Benzene and Carbon Tetrachloride
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 1075 (1967)
G-FEMO Calculations for Furan
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 1079 (1967)
ERRATA
Meson–Baryon Forward Scattering in Relativistic Theory of Spin and Unitary Symmetry
Acta Phys. Pol. 31, 1082 (1967)