abstract

The simultaneous mixing of quarks in both negative and positive electric charge subspaces is considered. Quark mixing in each space is described by the Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix. In order to get a right number of independent mixing parameters only one angle \(\theta _7\) common for both subspaces has been adjusted. Since the electromagnetic mass splitting of u and d quarks has been taken into account the real K-M mixing angles can be calculated explicitly. The Gell–Mann, Oakes and Renner model has been used. As an input only meson masses and \(f_x\) factors (treated as factors in matrix elements between one meson state and vacuum according to PCAC) are needed. Physical quark mixing is realized for maximal allowed symmetry breaking and it corresponds to vanishing of \(\theta _7\), which implies that only quark mixings with mass generation are permitted. Bounds of the phase \(\delta \) have been also found.

abstract

The decay of a baryon-rich quark plasma is considered on three levels, i.e. a) hydrodynamic expansion with either sudden or delayed phase transition and viscosity; b) bubble creation and growth; and c) redistribution of quarks into hadrons. The calculations indicate that slow deflagration of bubbles may be a physical process leading to rehadronisation, while detonation and bulk transition seem to require both supercooling in plasma state and overheating of the hadronic matter. Some estimates relying on classical nucleation theory are presented. The redistribution model introduces statistical weights according to different numbers of possible final states. Large yields of kaons and lambdas are predicted.

abstract

Within the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model local observables like the electromagnetic current and field strength tensor must be defined as singlet fields in order to be gauge invariant and to satisfy Maxwell’s equations. We show that \(S\)-matrix elements of the physical electromagnetic current (lepton form factors) are non renormalizable due to “anomalous” short distance behaviour. An explicit calculation demonstrates that there is a one to one correspondence between gauge invariant short distance anomalous terms and gauge dependent terms in the standard \(R\)-gauge formulation. As a result, the gauge invariant electron current is an observable only on the classical level. When quantum corrections become relevant unphysical short distance behaviour is exhibited by the form factors and thus quantities like the charge radius of the electron or the neutrino become ambiguous concepts.

abstract

In the present paper, the excess and hole 4\(N\)-nuclei are defined. For given groups of nuclei, binding energies and relations between quadrupole deformation parameters \(\beta \) are considered theoretically.