abstract

A summary is given of the attempts to understand the structure of the atom from the discovery of radioactivity until the discovery of the neutron.

abstract

From its start by the Big Bang the history of the Universe can be marked by subsequent phase transitions. In the laboratory it is possible to study some of these phase transitions in the reverse order i.e. from low to high temperatures. The subject of this lecture concentrates on the phases which can be studied by collisions of heavy ion nuclei at high energies namely the liquid to gas phase transition for nuclei and the ultimate transitions to quark gluon phase. During the year 2000 the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory (RHIC) started its operation. The first experiments concentrated on Au + Au collision at the C.M. energies per nucleon pair \(\sqrt {s_{_{NN}}}=56\), 130, and 200 GeV. Four detectors: STAR, PHOBOS, BRAHMS, and PHENIX produced first results concerning particle production and properties of hadronic matter at high excitations. The present paper describes in more detail the construction and operation of the PHOBOS detector. The main results obtained by PHOBOS during the first runs of RHIC can be listed as follows:

1. Energy dependence of the charged particle pseudorapidity density near midrapidity for central collisions \((dN_{\rm ch}/d\eta )_{\vert \eta \vert \lt 1}\).
2. Centrality dependence of \((dN_{\rm ch}/d\eta )_{\vert \eta \vert \lt 1}\).
3. Charged particle density distribution in full the range of \(\eta \) values \(\vert \eta \vert \lt 5.4\).
4. Azimuthal anisotropy of events.
5. Ratios of \(\overline {p}/p\), \(K^{-}/K^{+}\), and \(\pi ^{-}/\pi ^{+}\) measured in the midrapidity region within the acceptance of the spectrometer.

abstract

Hadronic transport models may be utilized to extract bulk nuclear properties. Deduction of in-medium nucleon–nucleon cross sections and of nuclear viscosity is discussed, as well as the extraction of momentum dependence of nucleonic mean field. Moreover, determination of the nuclear incompressibility and of constraints on the nuclear pressure at supranormal densities is described.

abstract

An overview is given of the theoretical work on nucleon spectral functions in finite nuclei. The consequences of the observed spectral strength distribution are then considered in the context of the nuclear-matter saturation problem. Arguments are presented suggesting that short-range correlations are mainly responsible for the actual value of the observed charge density in \({}^{208}\rm Pb\) and by extension for the empirical value of the saturation density of nuclear matter. This observation combined with the general understanding of the spectroscopic strength suggests that a renewed study of nuclear matter, emphasizing the self-consistent determination of the spectral strength due to short-range and tensor correlations, may shed light on the perennial nuclear saturation problem. First results using such a scheme are presented. Arguments are discussed that clarify the role of long-range correlations and their relevance for nuclear saturation.

abstract

Outstanding questions of Quantum Chromodynamics in the non-perturbative regime are discussed. A research program addressing these questions is outlined. This program is based on the availability of antiproton beams of unprecedented quality and intensity at the planned future accelerator facility at GSI Darmstadt. The physics potential of this project and the accelerator and detector concept are presented.

abstract

The elastic scattering of strongly bound nuclei at energies of 7–70 MeV\(\!/\!u\) shows the phenomenon of Rainbow Scattering. These scattering processes are due to strongly attractive potentials leading to deflections to negative angles and involve a strong overlap of nuclear densities. The elastic scattering of \(^{16}\)O+\(^{16}\)O has been studied in several laboratories over a wide range of energies with high precision to very low cross sections at large angles. At high energy the systematics of the primary Airy maxima has been established and at lower energies higher order Airy-structures are identified. The angular distributions at all energies are consistently described withdeep potentials, as obtained from the double-folding model with a weakly density dependent effective nucleon–nucleon interaction, which gives in Hartree-Fock calculations a soft (\(K\)= 230 MeV) equation of state for cold nuclear matter. It is shown that the Pauli-blocking expected for the larger density overlaps at small energies is strongly reduced due to the large relative momenta of the two centres in a self-consistent treatment of the mean field effects, the Fermi-spheres of the two nuclei in the overlap region are strongly repelled in momentum space, due to the increase of the relative momenta of nucleons. The systematics of the data also confirms the refractive origin of structures in one-neutron transfer reactions, as well as the pronounced structure in the excitation functions in \(^{16}\)O+\(^{16}\)O scattering observed at lower energies.

abstract

Heavy ion collisions in the energy region from \(0.1A\) to \(2A\) GeV are expected to yield information on the Nuclear Equation of State at baryon densities between roughly 1/3 and 3 times the saturation density of cold nuclei. Due to the complexities of heavy ion collision dynamics, the extraction of fundamental nuclear physics from the observables by comparisons with transport model simulations requires a rather complete and accurate systematics of data. Specifically, we discuss stopping and mixing, clusterization, pion production and the various manifestations of flow.

abstract

The creation of strangeness and charm in nucleus–nucleus collisions at threshold beam energies is discussed as a probe for compressed baryonic matter. Experimental data on strangeness production at SIS energies indicate that the properties of kaons and antikaons are modified in dense nuclear matter. An experiment is proposed at the future GSI facility to explore the QCD phase diagram in the region of highest baryon densities. An important observable will be charm production close to threshold.

abstract

The nuclear liquid–gas phase transition is treated as the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking. A quasistationary state is formed at the end of nucleon–nucleon cascade in the residue, possessing the spherical symmetry, same as the projectile and target had in their ground states. This symmetry is broken in the course of fragment formation stage, at the end of which emerges a multi-cluster configuration. The nuclear liquid–gas phase transition is thus inscribed onto the list of critical phenomena considered by synergetics.

abstract

Using the pre-SNO neutrino oscillation data of the solar and the atmospheric neutrino oscillations including and excluding the LSND (Los Alamos) measurements fits for the three mixing angle of the unitary transformation between the three neutrino mass eigenstates and the weak eigenstates are given. At the same time the differences of the squared masses are fitted to the data. Using an averaged upper value of \(\left \lt m_{\nu e}\right \gt = 0.62\) eV from the neutrino double beta decay, one can limit the sum of the three neutrino masses to be less than 2.53 eV. The new data from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory allow for the first time with the help of the SuperKamiokande data to determine the solar e and (\(\mu + \tau \)) neutrino fluxes separately. The sum is within errors identical to the theoretical electron neutrino flux from the sun. We thus see all expected solar neutrinos. They only oscillated partially from electron to \(\mu + \tau \) neutrinos. In the last part we report calculations of neutrino masses in the \(R\)-parity violating Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (\(\rlap {/}R\) MSSM). The \(R\)-parity violating interaction mixes the three neutrino flavors by \(R\)-parity violation with the four neutralinos (photino, zino and the two higgsinos). One finds neutrino masses for the first two neutrinos between 0.001 and 0.04 eV and for the third one between 0.03 and 1 eV.

abstract

Fundamental properties of neutrinos(\(\nu \)) are studies in nuclei as micro-laboratories. Here nuclear responses for \(\nu \)’s are crucial. The present report reviews briefly recent studies of nuclear responses for \(\nu \)’s and \(\nu \) studies by double beta decays(\(\beta \beta \)) and inverse \(\beta \) decays induced by solar and supernova \(\nu \)’s. Nuclear responses for charged-current neutrino interactions are mostly given by nuclear isospin–spin responses. They are well studied by charge-exchange reactions with medium energy projectiles. It has been found that \(^{100}\)Mo has large spin isospin response for \(\nu \)’s. Thus \(^{100}\)Mo isotopes are used as excellent micro-laboratories for spectroscopic studies of \(\beta \beta \) decays with a sensitivity on \(\left \lt m_{\nu }\right \gt \sim 0.03\) eV and realtime studies of low energy solar \(\nu \)’s.

abstract

After the discovery of neutrino oscillations by SuperKamiokande three years ago the measurements of their masses and flavor mixing are under way using various neutrino sources and energies. High precision data on atmospheric neutrinos show that the dominant mixings occur between active species. They allow for statistically significant three-flavor analysis, which confirm the almost maximal mixing \(\nu _{\mu }\leftrightarrow \nu _{\tau }\). Results of searches for tau neutrinos are consistent with this scenario. The K2K experiment, which uses the KEK accelerator as the neutrino source and the SuperKamiokande for their detection, is sensitive to the oscillations observed in the atmospheric neutrinos. The results obtained after one year of the run time provide a check of the oscillation parameters with the well determined beam properties using a set of near detectors and beam monitors. The solution of the solar neutrino puzzle in terms of \(\nu _{e}\) oscillations has been recently much enhanced by exciting new results from the SNO Collaboration. Their comparison with SuperKamiokande results again excludes a sterile neutrino mixing as dominant suggesting instead a large \(\nu _{e}\) mixing with other active neutrinos. This interpretation has been favored by recent SuperKamiokande spectral and angular measurements.

abstract

By a short tour through the exciting field of very high-energy and ultra high-energy cosmic rays studies, a brief review is given about the current questions approached, in particular by the KASCADE experiment and the Pierre Auger project. The present status of the investigations of the knee region of the cosmic ray spectrum by KASCADE is presented and open problems are discussed.

abstract

The nuclear processes on accreting neutron stars in X-ray binaries are related to a number of open astrophysical questions. I review these open questions, their relation to the \(\alpha \) p, rp and crust processes, and the nuclear data needed to solve the problems. Data on very unstable proton and neutron rich nuclei are most critical, and therefore radioactive beam experiments together with progress in the theoretical understanding of nuclei far from stability are needed.

abstract

Cosmology is currently entering a new phase of comprehensiveness, precision and confidence. Recent developments in theoretical and observational cosmology (including accelerating expansion, cosmic microwave background anisotropy and nonzero-mass neutrino oscillations) and nucleochonometry are herein reviewed, presenting the latest values of quasar redshift, cosmological parameters in the standard model (with concentration upon the Hubble constant and the age of the Universe) and dating information from nuclear astrophysics. The methods and findings of nucleochronology, in the main based upon stellar r-process neutron capture rate data relevant to, e.g. , \(^{137}\)Re/\(^{137}\)Os chronometry, Th/Eu abundance ratios and Th or U chronometry techniques are discussed in detail. Recent findings concerning the accelerated expansion of the Universe are presented, with consideration given to cosmological implications of, e.g. , dark energy, exotic dark matter, cosmic strings and supergravity. In conclusion, some remaining current problems and uncertainties are briefly noted.

abstract

We discuss the possible imprints of Strange Quark Matter (SQM) in cosmic ray data. In particular, we investigate the propagation of SQM through the atmosphere and discuss: (i) direct candidates for strangelets, (ii) exotic events interpreted as signals of SQM and (iii) muon bundles and delayed neutrons in Extensive Air Showers. The physics and astrophysics of SQM is shortly reviewed. We point out the possibility that extreme energy cosmic rays are the results of the decay of unstable primordial objects. Finally, the abundance of possible candidates for strangelets and their mass spectrum are estimated and compared with the astrophysical limits, and prospects of the possible observation of SQM in accelerator experiments are outlined.

abstract

We discuss the ab initio No-Core Shell Model (NCSM). In this method the effective Hamiltonians are derived microscopically from realistic nucleon–nucleon (\(NN\)) potentials, such as the CD-Bonn and the Argonne AV18 \(NN\) potentials, as a function of the finite Harmonic Oscillator (HO) basis space. We present converged results, i.e. , up to \(50\hbar {\mit \Omega }\) and \(18\hbar {\mit \Omega }\) HO excitations, respectively, for the \(A=3\) and \(4\) nucleon systems. Our results for these light systems are in agreement with results obtained by other exact methods. We also calculate properties of \(^{6}\)Li and \(^{6}\)He in model spaces up to \(10\hbar {\mit \Omega }\) and of \(^{12}\)C up to \(6\hbar {\mit \Omega }\). Binding energies, rms radii, excitation spectra and electromagnetic properties are discussed. The favorable comparison with available data is a consequence of the underlying \(NN\) interaction rather than a phenomenological fit.

abstract

Recent progress in the development of new spectroscopic techniques promises to elucidate the structure of deformed superheavy nuclei in the region of \(^{254}\)No. In-beam \(\gamma \)-ray spectroscopy has revealed the yrast structure of \(^{252, 254}\)No and conversion electron studies have been made of \(^{253,254}\)No. Knowledge of the collective and single particle structure of nuclei in this mid-shell region provides important data to mean field models that are used to predict the properties of superheavy spherical nuclei.

abstract

By extensive Monte Carlo simulations of Extensive Air Showers (EAS), using the EAS simulation code CORSIKA, arrival time distributions of the EAS muon have been generated for iron, oxygen and proton induced air showers using different hadronic interaction models as Monte Carlo generators. The muon time profiles up to distances of 310 m from the core position have been obtained for different primaries. Applying non-parametric statistical inference methods it is shown that a reliable determination of the shower age, correlated with the time parameters would lead to a relatively good discrimination of showers of different primary mass.

abstract

A new method, based on the excitation of the giant (spin–dipole) resonances in charge-exchange reactions, for studying the neutron-skin thickness has been tested. For a precise experimental test the (\(^3\)He,\(t\)) reaction on even Sn isotopes has been used. The results obtained are in good agreement with previous neutron-skin thickness values provided by other experimental and theoretical methods.

abstract

Model F of the Nijmegen baryon–baryon interaction is used to determine the strong complex s.p. potential of \({\mit \Sigma }^-\), and to calculate the strong-interaction shifts and widths of the lowest observed levels of \({\mit \Sigma }^-\) atoms. The results obtained are in satisfying agreement with the experimental data.

abstract

Accelerated heavy ions are identified by the characteristic X-rays they emit as a result of inelastic collisions with target atoms. Detection sensitivity of the projectiles passing thin carbon foils is discussed.

abstract

Actually planned and entering first stages of realisation in US projects joining experimental studies in the area of very high energy physics and cosmic ray physics with the broad educational program directed to high school students inspired us to analyse possibilities of realisation of similar project in Polish conditions.

abstract

This study investigates the effects of four nuclear mass models on the calculations for reaction cross-sections: Myers–Swiatecki–Lysekil; Myers liquid droplet; Groote–Hilf–Takahashi; and Seeger models. We calculate cross-sectional values for the decay of the compound nucleus, \(^{137}\)Pr\(^{*}\) from the reaction: \(^{37}\)Cl on \(^{100}\)Mo, using all possible sequences for neutron, proton, and \(\alpha \)-particle emission obtained with the Hauser–Feshbach formula. We present mass-distributions for Pr, Ce, and La nuclei in the \({A}= 128\)–134 range at beam energies of 130–180 MeV and also include calculations for the case of dual-targets. The addition of the Wigner term to three of the models is expressed in terms of a linear, empirical function relating the atomic mass to the reaction cross sections.

abstract

Angular distributions of tritons from the \(^{116}\)Sn (\(p,t\))\(^{114}\)Sn reaction induced by 26 MeV protons have been measured up to an excitation energy of \(\sim \) 4.1 MeV using the Q3D spectrometer. The DWBA analysis of the angular distributions allowed to confirm previous spin and parity values and to propose new assignments for a large number of states. Shell model calculations are in progress.

abstract

Many of observed phenomena associated to physics experiments do not have a model that allow a good description. If some effects depend on known parameters in the way which cannot be well described, neural network can be a useful tool to solve occurring problems. In this paper neural network is applied to eliminate the false coincidences (cross-talk) in two-neutron correlation function analysis.

abstract

The coincidence method of judging whether a system reached thermal equilibrium is shortly presented. It is used on the model data to test, whether it is applicable in the low-relativistic energy range. Also, the cuts corresponding to real detectors are introduced and their influence is briefly discussed.

abstract

The selfconsistent Hartree–Fock–Bogolubov (HFB) calculation with the Gogny force D1S was performed for the spherical nuclei: isotopes of Ca, Sr, Sn, Sm, Pb, Th, isotones with magic neutron numbers \(50\), \(82\), \(126\) and \(\beta \)-stable nuclei. The shell effects were extracted by Strutinsky procedure from Hartree–Fock energy and obtained in this way macroscopic part of potential energy was approximated by the liquid drop formula of Myers–Świątecki type. The nuclear radii were calculated by HFB method with the Gogny D1S force for the same group of nuclei. They were approximated by the isospin dependent 3 parameter formula, which reproduced the experimental data very well, what is shown.

abstract

We report on the first Skyrme–Hartree–Fock calculations with the tilted-axis cranking in the context of magnetic rotation. The mean field symmetries, differences between phenomenological and self-consistent methods and the generation of shears-like structures in the mean field are discussed. Significant role of the time-odd spin–spin effective interaction is pointed out. We reproduce the shears mechanism, but quantitative agreement with experiment is rather poor. It may have to do with too large core polarization, lack of pairing correlations or properties of the Skyrme force.

abstract

Using the Warsaw Cyclotron beam we determined fusion barrier distributions by quasi-elastic scattering of \(^{16}\)O on \(^{116,119}\)Sn targets. They turned out to be similar in both systems but some differences apparently do exist. Experimental results were compared to the coupled channels calculations performed by means of the Fresco code. Fair agreement between experiment and theory was obtained but some disagreements remain.

abstract

The collective excitations in transuranic nuclei (\(94 \leq Z \leq 102\), \(146 \leq N \leq 158\)) are studied within the model based on the general Bohr Hamiltonian modified by including the coupling with the pairing vibrations. Preliminary results on superdeformed states in \(^{254}\)No are also presented.

abstract

The \(K\alpha _{1,2}\) X-ray spectrum of \(_{48}\)Cd bombarded with 22.5 MeV/amu \(^{16}\)O ions was measured with a bent crystal spectrometer. The diagram and hyper satellite \(K\alpha _1\) and \(K\alpha _2\) lines were resolved from their corresponding \(L\)-shell satellites. The experimental data are compared with the theoretical \(K\alpha _{1,2}\) and \(K^{h}\alpha _{1,2}\) spectra based on the multi-configuration Dirac–Fock calculations. The influence of the additional \(M\)-subshell ionization on the diagram and hyper-satellite lines is discussed.

abstract

We propose simple Monte Carlo method for calculating parton distribution in nuclei. Only events satisfying the exact kinematical constrains of the corresponding deep-inelastic reaction probing given nuclear distribution are selected to form the final distribution we are looking for. The EMC effect is automatically included by means of two parameters, which characterize the change of the nuclear pion field. Good agreement with experimental data in the broad range of variable \(x\) is obtained.

abstract

The dynamical evolution of an excited, rotating and deformed nucleus is described by solving the Langevin equation in a one or multi-dimensional deformation space investigating in particular the fission channel in coincidence with the emission of light particles. The influence of curvature terms in the used mass formula on fission dynamics and multiplicities of emitted light particles is studied over a large range of nuclear masses.

abstract

A macroscopic model for calculating fission barriers (saddle-point energies) in two versions: with and without accounting for shell effects, is presented. Results of calculations with shell effects switched off agree very well with previous purely macroscopic calculations done by A.J. Sierk. Complete calculations of fission barriers (including shell effects) are done for nuclei in the range \(66 \leq Z \leq 100\), for all isotopes with experimentally determined barrier heights. With a value of the shell-energy-damping parameter that fits the ground-state masses of deformed nuclei, shell effects almost completely disappear at the saddle configuration, thus leading to a strong manifestation of the ground-state shell effects, in agreement with experimental data.

abstract

Correlations between pre-scission and post-scission multiplicities dedu- ced with the backtracing method by the DéMoN Collaboration for a heavy composite system \(Z=110\) are analysed. The data are interpreted in terms of a hybrid model combining deterministic dynamics code of Feldmeier with a Monte Carlo statistical model of evaporation of light particles in competition with Kramers’ dissipative fission.

abstract

Existing data on near-barrier fusion and capture excitation functions for about 50 medium and heavy nucleus–nucleus systems have been analysed using a phenomenological model, in which fusion barriers are assumed to have Gaussian distributions. Systematics of the barrier-distribution parameters, the mean barrier and its variance, are presented. Deduced values of the variance parameter show an important role of nuclear structure effects, which we propose to account for by relating values of the variance parameter with fusion energy thresholds calculated with the fusion adiabatic potential.

abstract

Results of a search for intermittency signal in Au\(+\)Au collisions at 150–800 AMeV beam energy are presented. The method of horizontal normalised scaled factorial moments was applied. Data from the FOPI detector at GSI Darmstadt were analysed. No distinct intermittency signal was found in rapidity and charge distributions. Intermittency occurred in azimuthal angle distributions. The signal found in experimental data can be only partly accounted for by the influence of the apparatus and cannot be currently explained by the dynamical model IQMD.

abstract

X-ray tomographic microscopy (XTM) is a powerful non-destructive investigation method, that has been applied in many fields of modern research (material science, microelectronics, medicine, biology, archaeology). Sofar the major limitations were imposed by low detection efficiency and low spatial resolution. With the advent of third generation synchrotron facilities excellent high intensity X-ray sources became available that by far counterbalanced low efficiency. On the other hand the resolution of presently used detector systems is restricted by scintillator properties, optical light transfer, and CCD granularity. They impose a practical limit of about one micrometer, while the progressing research demands urgently an advance in the submicron region. A break-through in this respect is being achieved by a novel detector type. It uses the properties of asymmetric Bragg reflection to increase the cross section of the reflected X-ray beam. A suitable combination of correspondingly cut Bragg crystals yields an image magnification that even at higher energies may surpass a factor of 1000. In this way the influence of the detector resolution can be scaled down accordingly. Such a device is being constructed and installed at the SLS which delivers an optimal X-ray beam of about 23 keV. The special properties of this experiment will be presented.

abstract

The nuclear method to discover Majorana neutrinos is the neutrinoless \( \beta \beta \) decay. We propose to study the inverse process accompanied by a photon emission, the neutrinoless radiative double electron capture. Chances for such a decay are estimated. These favour studies of \( 0^+ 0^+ \) nuclear transitions of small energy release in high \(Z\) atoms.

abstract

The emission widths \({\mit \Gamma }_n\) and \({\mit \Gamma }_p\) for emission of neutrons and protons are calculated within the Thomas–Fermi model, which we have recently developped, and are compared with those obtained in the usual Weisskopf approach for the case of zero angular momentum. Both methods yield quite similar results at small deformations, but rather important differences are observed for very deformed shapes, in particular for charged particles. A possible generalization of the model for emission of \(\alpha \)-particles is also discussed.

abstract

The IGISOL facility at the Department of Physics of the University of Jyväskylä (JYFL) is delivering radioactive beams of short-lived exotic nuclei, in particular the neutron-rich isotopes from the fission reaction. These nuclei are studied with the nuclear spectroscopy methods. In order to substantially increase the quality and sensitivity of such studies the beam should undergo beam handling: cooling, bunching and isobaric purification. The first two processes are performed with the use of an RFQ cooler/buncher. The isobaric purification will be made by a Penning trap placed after the RF-cooler element. This will yield a substantial background reduction in the nuclear decay spectroscopy experiments and enable studies of much more exotic nuclei, like the ones belonging to r-process path. This contribution describes the current status of the project.

abstract

Study of high-spin bands in the \(A\approx 100\) mass region revealed that signature inversion systematically occurs in the \({\pi }g_{9/2}{\nu }h_{11/2}\) bands and in the three-quasiparticle bands containing this configuration, establishing here a new region of signature inversion. The behaviour of the inversion spin in the \({\pi }g_{9/2}{\nu }h_{11/2}\) bands can qualitatively be understood as a competition between the Coriolis and the proton–neutron interaction, as it was proposed earlier for the analogous \(A\approx 160\) region, if we take the variation of the moment of inertia into account.

abstract

The energy spectrum of Cosmic Rays (CR) is a perfect example of a situation when the subject of studies is unique. Thus, trying to explain it, one does not have to relay on the ‘most probable’ or ‘average’ solution. The phenomenon as we see it, here and now, could be the result of the particular chain of coincidences. If only this chain is not ‘very impossible’ it can be just the right solution. In this paper we would like to examine the idea of the Single Source Model (SSM) of Erlykin and Wolfendale for the whole CR spectrum. We will show that the origin of extremely high energy particles is quite consistent with the model. Our main conclusion is that no new physics ‘beyond the GZK energy’ is needed.

abstract

Two-neutron correlation functions as well as single neutron energy spectra were used to determine the parameters of the emitting sources in Ar–Ni reaction at 77 MeV/\(u\). The neutrons were registered in angular ranges 4\(^\circ \)–22\(^\circ \) and 55\(^\circ \)–66\(^\circ \). By a choice of the neutron energy range and measurement angles we are able to determine the space-time parameters of the preequilibrium and the quasi-projectile separately. The source velocities and temperatures were determined by fitting the multisource model parameters to the single-neutron inclusive energy spectra. The space-time parameters were extracted from the fit of correlation functions with a Gaussian (space) and exponential (time) distributions.

abstract

Quadrupole deformation parameters of the \(^{98}\)Mo nucleus in two first \(0^+\) (ground and excited) states are determined using Coulomb Excitation method. Matrix elements were determined using the GOSIA code and then analysed using the Quadrupole Sum Rules formalism. Shape coexistence in \(^{98}\)Mo manifests in the very different triaxiality of the two \(0^+\) states. The results are compared with previously known data on \(^{72,74,76}\)Ge isotopes where the similar trend of low-lying \(0^+\) states is observed.

abstract

The Monte Carlo code ANKE-GEANT is used to simulate experiments with the ANKE spectrometer — an experimental facility for the spectroscopy of products from proton-induced reactions on internal targets, placed in the accelerator ring of the cooler synchrotron COSY of the Forschungszentrum Jülich, Germany. Monte Carlo simulations are needed to determine a detector acceptance, estimate background, understand measured particle spectra. Calculations are also necessary to identify particles and to obtain their energy losses. The Monte Carlo simulations are the only method to reconstruct, without free parameters, momenta of ejectiles using information from scintillation counters and hit wire numbers in multi-wire proportional chambers.

abstract

The XXVII. Mazurian Lakes School of Physics was mainly devoted to four different topics:

• (i) Medium modifications of the nucleon–nucleon interaction and the nucleon–nucleon cross-section, medium dependence of hadrons masses and the equation of state of nuclear matter studied in heavy ion collisions.
• (ii) Nuclear astrophysics with a special emphasis on cosmic ray’s.
• (iii) New developments in neutrino physics.
• (iv) Future plans for the GSI in Darmstadt and the first results from RHIC in Brookhaven.

I have to excuse, but I will due to time reasons not summarise the shorter evening seminars and I will only shortly mention the talks of this Saturday morning.